Types of roofs adw. Roofing materials. Flexible roof tiles

In modern private construction, there are a great many types of house roofs, and our material will discuss their most popular options. Such important roofing structures can be divided depending on the shape, design features and what materials were used in its construction.

Tilt angle

First, we suggest you familiarize yourself with what types of roofing there are. Depending on the angle of inclination, two main categories of structures can be defined:

1. Flat, with an angle of inclination not exceeding 3 degrees relative to the horizon. Since their maintenance is very difficult, and precipitation stagnates in them, such options are quite rare. The positive aspects here include inexpensive installation and a small amount of Supplies. On such a structure you can build an open-air terrace, which can also be considered an advantage.
2. Pitched, with an inclination angle of 10 degrees and above. Such samples are easy to use, which is why their popularity is very high. There is no accumulation of precipitation here, and water is perfectly discharged through storm drains.

Roofs with pitched surfaces, in turn, are divided into subcategories:

• single-pitched;
• gable steep;
• gable flat;
• gable attic with a broken configuration;
• hipped semi-hip;
• hipped hipped roofs;
• four-slope hip.

The most convenient to implement include shed roofing structures, the surface slope of which is from 4 to 6 degrees. It makes sense to install them in garages, sheds and other outbuildings.

If you need to build an attic, give preference to a mansard roof, which can consist of two slopes and have a broken contour configuration. Hip samples are practical, they withstand adequately wind load, but their installation cannot be called simple.

This will require materials in large quantities, and you cannot do without a professional installation team. When choosing roof types, be sure to consider all factors, and do not limit yourself solely to information about the service life and cost of the project.

In order for the design to please the eye and be a real decoration of the house, it is necessary to pay attention to Special attention her design.

Popular types of roofs of private houses and their characteristics

Of course, the popularity of this or that type of roofing is explained by the ease of installation, saving money and time, the climatic characteristics of the region and the personal preferences of the owners. Let's move on to a detailed review of the options presented in modern construction.

Gable

This type is the most popular and has been erected in our country for a long time. Another name for a structure with two slopes that rest on walls of the same height is a “gable roof.” Installation here is more complicated than that of the single-pitch version, but the facing materials here can be completely different, which allows you to satisfy any of the developer’s design requirements.

Hip

In this case, we are dealing with four slopes, the shape of two of which follows the trapezoid, and the remaining two are made in the form of triangles. The name of the design comes from the word “hips” (front triangular slopes).

During the installation process, beams are installed here using double tightening and drains are installed on each slope at an angle of 45 degrees. The construction of such structures requires additional effort and skills, because the structure of the rafter system in this case is quite complex.

Half-hip

This is one of the options for hip roofs, with the only difference being that a truncated triangular slope is formed here, and it is installed higher than its trapezoidal counterparts. Among the disadvantages, it is fashionable to note only additional costs for materials, because you will have to finish those sections of the planes that are adjacent to the ribs of the roof. Such structures are good for use in regions with windy climates.

Attic (broken)

Another type of gable model, characterized by broken slopes, which allows you to significantly increase the attic space, called the attic. Pentagonal pediments leave no one indifferent, and their construction will not cause any particular difficulties for experienced craftsmen. The only thing you will have to deal with is to buy materials for insulating the living space and install them, thereby increasing the energy efficiency of the house, which is not required in the case of a regular attic not intended for living.

On average, the cost of constructing a roof is about 20% of the total construction costs, but we can make maximum use of the usable area of ​​the building and get a two-story house with essentially one level.

Flat

Forgotten for a while, these types of house roofs are gradually returning to construction thanks to the unusual design solutions of modern architects. Flat roofs allow you to build a flower garden, tennis court or mini outdoor pool, especially if your home is located in a region with a warm climate. They can be improved with removable canopies made of glass or other materials that will reliably protect the recreation area from precipitation and pollution. A transparent dome will provide the space with natural light, and lighting fixtures will help out in the evening. Here you can install solar panels and water heating elements, if you need them, of course.

Among the advantages, I would especially like to note the affordable costs for materials and installation work. Do not forget about a high-quality stormwater system, with the help of which all precipitation will leave the roof without leaving a trace; besides, the flat surface still has a slope, although it is invisible at first glance. As for the disadvantages, problems with thermal insulation may arise here, and here we are primarily talking about the heating of the plane in the summer heat, but you can deal with the cold in the same way as in the case of a mansard roof.

If the roof structure with slopes has its own heat exchanger in the form of an attic, then flat options cannot boast of such a feature, so in case of urgent need, you will have to separately resort to its construction.

The main rule here is to create ventilation between the ceiling of the living space and the roof, and it does not matter what shape it will be.

You can equip both a ventilated attic and ventilation ducts that will hide the rafters and roofing materials.

Less popular roof types

In addition to the most common roofing structures, there are other options that can also be found in private construction, although less frequently. Their shape is somewhat different from the specimens we looked at above, but that makes them no less beautiful. The creation of such samples must be approached seriously, because their implementation may only be feasible for professionals.

Single-pitch

Distinctive feature of this type design is rafter system leaning on the walls different levels, due to which a slope is formed. Such structures are easy to construct, and any, even the most inexpensive, materials are suitable for their cladding.

As for practicality, it is obvious, because precipitation does not linger here, so you don’t have to worry about maintaining such a building. The disadvantage is also significant - you will not be able to arrange an attic or attic, and this may be why today it is rare to see lean-to examples on new houses.

Tent

The shape of such a roof is made in the form of four symmetrically located triangles along each wall of the building, which form a kind of tent. It has an unusual chic look, but it is very difficult to build due to the overly sophisticated rafter system.

Multi-pincer

It has another name - valley, and is characterized by one of the most complex rafter systems. Many external and internal corners at the junctions of two slopes are not easy to install; in addition, valleys provoke the accumulation of snow and rainwater, which can lead to leaks.

Multi-gable designs can be afforded by wealthy people who build polygonal-shaped houses with a large number of extensions and attic spaces.

Dome

These types of roofs only in rare cases cover the entire area of ​​the building and are mainly installed over part of it. To install the frame, you will need flexible elements, and flexible or soft cladding is suitable as a decorative covering. As a rule, dome solutions are preferred by lovers of antiquity, oriental style, ancient castles and everything unusual, bringing it into your home.

Spherical

Recently, spherical roofs have been slowly gaining popularity among our compatriots, although this rarely applies to residential buildings. They cover gazebos, sports grounds, and church buildings, so we can see these types of construction almost every day.

Green

The point here is not the color of the decorative coating, as it might seem at first glance. As a cladding, if you can call it that, we are dealing with natural soil in which plants are planted, serving as a real decoration for such an exotic design. Everything can be noted here positive traits flat samples, improved with a special ventilation system. Thanks to this laying, the roots of bushes and trees are limited in growth, always have enough moisture for watering, and in addition, conditions are created for healthy aeration of the roots of green spaces.

An undoubted advantage is the uniqueness of the open greenhouse, because it is very rare to come across such green living structures. Looking at the rapid development of new technologies and the popularity of environmental projects, it is not difficult to predict that soon such plantings on the tops of houses will become much more widespread. Do you want to distinguish yourself from your neighbors and are not afraid to face the need for careful care of outdoor plants? Then a green roof is right for you and you can enjoy its beauty.

Decorative cladding: what to choose?

In addition to personal preferences and financial capabilities, this issue you need to take into account design features that can either limit your choice or allow you to expand it. Today the most common materials are:

• metal tiles;
• bitumen shingles;
• ceramic tiles;
• slate;
• sandwich panels.

All these roofing materials differ from each other in technical specifications, composition and design, and are also installed on the surface of the structure according to different technologies, therefore, before choosing, you should carefully read their description, manufacturer’s recommendations and warnings. If you take a balanced approach to this issue and study all the subtleties and nuances of the roof structure, you will be able to create reliable protection and at the same time decoration for your home.

When building a house, such an important detail of the entire structure as the roof is of great importance for the aesthetic perception of the building and protection from unpleasant weather conditions. A variety of types of roofing, depending on the shape factor, type, size, as well as design features, require appropriate building materials and complex calculations of loads on various elements of the roof structure.

To answer the question of what roof shapes there are, let's look at some of them. Depending on the angle of inclination, roofs are divided into two main categories:

Flat roof

Flat roofs - the angle of inclination of such roofs is usually 2 - 3 degrees, if you relate this angle to the horizon. The use of such roofs in the construction of private houses can be found very rarely. This is due to the fact that maintenance of roofs of this shape becomes problematic. During rainy periods, water stagnates on the roof, and during winter time year, the accumulated snow will need to be removed independently.

Apparently, due to these reasons, these types of roofs are not widespread in private construction, although they may have some positive aspects. When erecting this type of roof, you can significantly save on building materials, and use the resulting additional space to your advantage by arranging a recreation area for your loved ones and guests or a small beautiful garden.

Pitched roofs - these types of roofs are very practical to use; usually the angle of inclination of such roofs can start from 10 degrees or more. During the winter and rainy seasons, precipitation does not accumulate on it; snow or rainwater quietly drains away along the slopes. It is for this reason that the use of pitched roofs has become so popular in private construction.

What types of roofs are there for houses with pitched surfaces? To answer this question, consider some types of roofing of this type:

• single slope;
• steep gable;
• flat gable;
• broken (attic) gable;
• semi-hip hipped;
• hipped hipped roof;
• hip hipped.

One of the most convenient in construction are pitched roofs, whose slope is no more than 4 - 6 degrees. Such roofs are mainly erected in garages, sheds and other outbuildings. It is quite easy to install shed roofs, but they are still rarely found in suburban or dacha construction residential buildings, mainly this type of roof is used for outbuildings.

If there is a need to use attic space, then they build an attic roof, which can be gable and have broken lines of the roof contour. The hip roof is very practical to use; these types of roofs cope well with various types loads, including wind. But this type of roof is not as easy to install as the previous ones. Its construction requires much more building materials and requires a competent team of professionals to ensure that everything is done very accurately and correctly. Next, we will take a closer look at the different types and designs of roofs.

When choosing a roof and its type, you need to take into account all factors. Don't just look at durability characteristics or other practical parameters, but also consider what appearance and shape your roof will have in terms of aesthetics and artistic value.

For example, a mansard roof not only looks aesthetically beautiful due to its broken shapes, but it is also very practical to use. If there is a heavy snowfall, the snow masses will not linger on such a roof.

What types of roof are there? Let's look at them in more detail.

The most popular types of house roofs today

The popularity of a particular type of roof is often explained either by the ease of its creation, or economic factor, or the climatic conditions of the area. Let's briefly talk about what types of roofs there are and why they are so good and popular today.

Gable roof

It is not at all surprising that this particular type of roof comes in first place. Even in ancient times, our ancestors built houses, namely, with gable roofs, and only then Western trends came to Russia, such as mansard or dome roofs, as well as hip roofs.

This is one of the most popular and convenient roofs for private homes. A roof with two slopes resting on walls of equal height and forming a space in the form of a triangle (gables) is sometimes called a “gable roof.” The installation of such a roof is much more complicated than the construction of a pitched roof, but the choice of roofing material for it is simplified. She is not inferior to her in functional characteristics: also easily copes with snow, rain, and wind. From a design point of view, a gable roof looks much better than a single-pitch roof.

Hip roof

Hip roofs already have 4 slopes, two of which are trapezoidal in shape, and two are triangular.
This type of roof gets its name from the word “hips,” which means triangular slopes that are located on the front side. When constructing such a roof, beams and double ties are used. In addition, you should mandatory equipment drains for each slope, the slope of which is usually made up to 45 degrees. Only a steep enough slope can drain both water and snow, as well as withstand strong gusty winds. The construction of hip roofs requires a lot of labor, as a rather complex rafter system is used.

Half hip roof

Half-hip roofs are another type of hip roof, which differs from the hip roof in that it has a truncated triangular slope, usually located higher than trapezoidal slopes. Its only drawback is the large consumption of material to cover those areas of the roof that are adjacent to the roof ribs.

Mansard roof or sloping roof

Also applies to gable roofs with broken lines of slopes. Such fractures increase the area and volume of the attic, which is commonly called the attic. The pentagonal shape of the gables of mansard roofs attracts the attention of almost all passersby. It is not very difficult to build such a roof. However, during construction you are unlikely to do without insulating your attic.

The cost of the roof is approximately 15 to 20% of the total cost of constructing the entire house. Creating an attic under the roof is the most economical option for obtaining additional space. Therefore, it may be very appropriate to slightly increase the cost of the attic, which will give you another full floor. And there you can arrange summer bedrooms and recreation rooms for young family members and guests.

But why does an attic increase costs compared to building a simple attic? This is connected, of course, with the need to insulate the roof; residential premises require this. Additional infusions will be required and due to the inevitable complication of the roof structure with an attic, there cannot be struts and braces that would be located in the living rooms themselves. For these purposes, they came up with this form of roof (in the form of an attic) with braces and racks above the ceiling of residential premises.

The presence of an attic floor makes it necessary to place a layer of thermal insulation under the roof, and therefore a multi-layer roof arises. Thermal insulation material with internal lining They are usually attached to the rafters (to the inside), and sheathing is mounted on the outside and the direct roof covering is laid. In this case, it is necessary to strengthen the rafter structures due to the multi-layer roof. This can be done by increasing the number of rafters, while reducing the distances between them. A good decision This problem can be attributed to the use of metal rafter structures.

One of the important positive aspects of the attic roof can be considered that the arrangement of the attic can be done later, since the space of the resulting attic will no longer require capital complex work.

If you have a desire to save money, but at the same time build a two-story mansion, then we recommend that you take a closer look at attic type roofs. This is a great option!

Flat roof

Previously, flat roofs were not popular in private housing construction. But recently, interest in flat roofs has grown again and is in the field of view of modern architects and designers. Flat roofs have unique capabilities due to their flat surface. On such a roof you can plant a flower garden, arrange a sports ground or a small swimming pool. This solution is especially suitable for areas with warm climates. Although in middle lane In Russia, you can use this roof option if you use a special system of removable canopies. They will be able to protect the desired part or the entire flat roof from annoying rain.

There are many different types of such canopies, but transparent glass structures are especially attractive. They provide additional light to the upper rooms of your home; you can use special lanterns for evening lighting. And here you can find a great place for solar panels and water heating elements, if necessary.

The advantages of flat roofs include low construction costs, since the cost is reduced due to a reduction in the total roof area and the absence of complex rafter structures.

Many people hesitate to build such roofs for fear of problems with drainage. But you should not be afraid of this; installing drainage systems from a flat roof is no more difficult than creating storm sewer. And the roof itself should have a small, barely noticeable slope so that the emerging water can flow to the drains. Drainage systems are usually installed outside and inside the house.

Many people find it convenient to combine storm drainage with the internal sewerage system of the building, but do not forget to take into account the level of precipitation in your region.

The disadvantages of a flat roof include problems with thermal insulation. It can be difficult to cope with the strong heating of residential premises during the hot season, but it is not difficult to create a system of protection against the cold (as in the case of a mansard roof).

If in a pitched roof the “heat exchanger” is the attic, then in a house with a flat roof it has to be created in a special way. The main thing is to know that between the ceiling of living rooms and the roof of the roof there must be ventilation, in any form. Create a small ventilated attic or special ventilation ducts, which are best located under the roofing material.

Less popular, but no less interesting types of roofs

In this section, we will consider what types of roofs there are, besides the most popular and widely known among the population of our country. This group presents types and designs of roofs of unusual and beautiful shapes, but requiring practical skills to create them. What are the roof shapes? original designs and where they can be used, we will briefly introduce further in the text.

Shed roof

A characteristic feature of this type of roof is that it has a rafter system that rests on walls of different heights, and since one wall is slightly higher than the other, a slope is formed due to this. Such roofs are quite easy to construct, and to cover them, you can use inexpensive and reliable materials such as ondulin, slate, and roofing felt. The convenience of such roofs is obvious; precipitation does not accumulate on them, flowing smoothly in the direction of the slope. Therefore, you can clearly understand where water drains need to be installed, ensuring the building is reliably dry.

The truth and shortcomings are obvious. One of the most important things is that the room will have no attic. Today it is very rare to see private houses that would have pitched roof.

Hip roof

Usually it has four slopes of identical triangles that converge at one upper point. If you like houses in the shape of an equilateral polygon (for example, a square), then a hip roof will help you out, which looks like a tent and looks great. However, installing such a roof is not easy; it has a very complex rafter system.

Multi-gable roof

A standard roof of this type (also called a valley roof) has a very complex structure: a large number of external ribs and valleys (internal corners) at the junction of the slopes. When erecting such a roof, be sure to contact specialists with experience in its installation. The multi-gable roof is used for the construction of polygonal-shaped houses that have many different extensions and side attics.

Dome roof

Dome-shaped roofs usually cover only part of the building, rarely the entire structure. During its construction, a frame of curved elements is used, and is used to cover the roof as soft materials(glass insulation, roofing felt, bitumen shingles) and flexible (galvanized steel or plastic tiles). Some lovers of the ancient and unique style even today decorate their “castles” with domed roofs of the most different sizes.

Spherical roof

Building a spherical roof has become a little more popular lately. Under this type of roof, gazebos are usually placed, as well as other types of buildings (stadiums, cathedrals and churches), which also have a roof or dome type. Therefore, it cannot be said that this type of roof has no application at all.
But still it loses very significantly to such types of roofing as a gable roof or mansard.

Green roof

A green roof uses natural soil and planted greenery as a roof covering, while plants grow on the same well-groomed surface.

soil. U green roof all the positive properties of flat roofs are present, but when creating

eliminate its main drawback (difficulty with ventilation) with the help of a special ventilation gasket. This gasket not only limits the growth of plant roots, but also allows you to conserve water necessary for the life of green spaces. In addition, which is also important, it also serves to aerate the root system of the green lawn.

Another advantage is that a green roof is a very unique phenomenon for almost any area in our country. The popularity of flat roofs will undoubtedly grow from year to year along with the development of the latest technologies in this direction. If you want to be known as the owner of a home with a “fashionable” roof, then create your dream with a beautiful, comfortable flat green roof.

Types of roofing in terms of covering materials

Having decided on the type of roof, mansard, gable, and perhaps dome, you need to select the appropriate materials that are optimal for each type. What types of roofs are there and what material they are covered with – we will try to answer these questions in this section.

The five most common types of roofing used in construction today are roll roofing, made from materials based on various mastics, composite types (sheet), and membrane. Let's look at them in more detail.

Roll roofs

To make this type of roofing, special bitumen and polymer materials, in which the base is cardboard or fiberglass. During the manufacturing process of such materials, special modifiers are added, which then impart water resistance, heat resistance, and other useful properties to the entire material. It can also be noted that these additives protect the material from cracks, which of course has a positive effect on their service life.

When installing such a roof, the roll is unwound and laid in several layers, usually from 3 to 4. But they are not simply laid, but glued together with mastic or fused to each other.

This type of roofing would be universal, it is easy to install, very inexpensive, but it has some disadvantages. This material does not have a very attractive appearance, this material may be susceptible to rotting. Therefore, such roofing material is often used to cover sheds or other utility rooms, which are usually made with a pitched roof.

Membrane roofs

This type of roof covering has very high resistance to punctures or various types of tension. Membrane coverings are used for installation on roofs with slight slopes. You can cover your roof with this material quite quickly. And excellent protective properties will allow you to keep roofs in their original form for a long time.

Roofing from sheet roofing materials

This type of roofing includes more modern types, such as metal tiles, artificial slate, made of bitumen and corrugated sheets of cardboard.

• Artificial slate can be found on many roofs; it is a sheet of asbestos cement, wave-shaped, which can be painted in a variety of colors. Paint, of course, is very decorative; this type of coating gives the material a beautiful appearance. Good characteristics under temperature changes can also speak in favor of this coating. And the service life is quite long and can be up to 40 years.
• Metal tiles are a very popular material today; it can be seen on various types and shapes of roofs, be it a hip roof or a mansard roof. These are galvanized sheets that have a special decorative polymer coating and this coating reliably protects the roof from most types of adverse weather influences.
• Bitumen-cardboard sheets - made from pressed cardboard, which is impregnated with bitumen. The greater the thickness of the outer layer, the longer this type of coating will last. Such sheets also became popular among the people under the name “Euroslate”. Its main advantages are the ease of working with this material and fairly good elasticity. But in terms of service life, this material is inferior to others. Euro slate “lives” on average 30 years.

Roofs made of piece roofing materials

The main and main representative of the piece material can be safely called ceramic tiles. This material is still very popular, although it is already several thousand years old. It can still be seen on all shapes and types of roofs. The performance characteristics of this material are very high. Ceramic tiles do not require constant maintenance, meet environmental characteristics, and are a soundproof coating. It also has the ability not to accumulate static voltage, as in other materials.

Well, the most main feature this material, in its unique durability. In one of the Western countries there is even an ancient castle, which is many hundreds of years old, and it still stands under a tiled roof, safe and sound

They say it's a disadvantage ceramic tiles, can be called high weight. But on the other hand, it is precisely this quality that allows a roof with such a coating to successfully withstand heavy snow and wind.

Today, ceramic products are gradually being replaced by similar products made from concrete and various mixtures of cement and sand, which are included in the final product. Such analogues may be easier for installation work, but they significantly reduce the service life of the material.

Let us briefly mention this type of material as flexible tiles. It is made from fiberglass, and sometimes cellulose or asbestos cardboard is used. The inner side is covered with a layer of self-adhesive rubber bitumen, and the front part consists of fine mineral chips. The weight of this coating is very light. And the most important advantage is that it can easily be quickly replaced without resorting to dismantling the entire coating.

Sandwich panel roofing

It is impossible not to mention such material as sandwich panels. It arose with the recent rapid development of “rapid construction” technology. They are made from 2 sheets of steel, as well as one layer of insulation. The panels have very good strength characteristics and, according to manufacturers, can even compete with other materials in terms of resistance to temperature changes, ranging from -50 to +50.

Such panels will look good on roofs of various types and types, but mainly they are used in the construction of office buildings, retail spaces, and hangars. If desired, such panels can be easily painted in any color, which, of course, improves the aesthetic appearance of buildings made from this material.

Basically, such panels, due to their modularity, have proven themselves well in the construction of sheds and utility rooms for household equipment, but you can also find houses made according to this sandwich panel fashion that came to us from the West.

Using sandwich panels, you can quite easily construct the roof of a building, while the interior will be comfortable and warm in winter, and pleasantly cool in summer. The disadvantages of this material, perhaps, include only a relatively short service life, only 30 years.

When getting ready to build a roof, you need to think through everything down to the smallest detail, types and structures of the roof, design and quality protection, with or without an attic space. And of course, you need to decide on the choice of suitable materials so that the appearance of the roof pleases the soul and eyes!

So, it has long been known that every house can provide much more information about its owner than he will tell about himself. The walls of a house, and especially its roof, tell not only about wealth, but also about the tastes of its owners. Remember this when choosing a beautiful, comfortable, and most importantly, suitable roof for your future home.

An important stage in building a house is creating a roof and choosing roofing material. In addition to the fact that the roof protects the house from negative external factors, it is always visible, so it must be beautiful and fit harmoniously into the design of the site.

What roofs exist: features of each type

Manufacturers offer a large selection of materials, so home owners often find it difficult to decide what to use for the roof. And to accept correct solution, you should understand the advantages and disadvantages of popular roofing coverings.

The roof can be protected with tiles, soft fused materials, sheet metals and other coatings - you just need to make a choice for a specific case

Any roofing material must be waterproof, frost-resistant, and comply technical requirements in terms of flexibility, heat and sound insulation.

There are many roofing materials, but each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages

When choosing a material for roofing, experts recommend paying attention to indicators such as:

• load on the roof - take into account snow and wind influences in a particular region, the weight of the roof along with insulation and sheathing;
• architectural solution - take into account the shape, size and slope of the roof, and also determine the optimal design of the building’s exterior;
• service life and fire resistance - take into account the purpose of the building: expensive and high-quality materials are usually used for the house;
• warranty - some coatings have a service life significantly longer than the warranty.

To lay a seam roof, metal sheets (pictures) are used, which are fastened together with a special seam - a seam. These connections are: recumbent and standing, single and double. The folds are folded and sealed using hand or electric tools.

You can bend the folds yourself using hand tools

When creating paintings the following are used:

• galvanized steel - thickness within 4–7 mm, service life 25 years;
• steel with polymer coating- galvanized sheet is coated on the outside with a layer of polymer with added color, service life is 30–35 years;
• aluminum - lasts 70–75 years;
• copper is an expensive solution, but its service life is about 100 years;
• zinc-titanium - has the longest service life, but is difficult to install. And work is carried out at air temperatures above 5 o C.

Seam roofing has high seam tightness and good moisture resistance

Such sheets are mounted on a roof with a slope exceeding 10°. A sheathing or a solid base is made under them. Clippers are used to secure the paintings to the sheathing. If the sheets are longer than 10 m, then they are fastened with “floating” clamps, which compensate for the thermal expansion of the material.

You can lay ready-made, ordered paintings or use rolled material, which is cut directly on the construction site into strips of the required length. For this, special equipment is used. With this cutting method, only a vertical connection is required, so the tightness of the coating will be high.

Seam roofing is reliable, but has its drawbacks during installation.

Disadvantages of seam roofing:

• poor heat and sound insulation characteristics - necessary thick layer insulation;
• installation requires special equipment and appropriate skills;
• metal surface - lightning protection (grounding) is required.

From metal tiles

Metal tiles look like natural ones, but are made from galvanized sheets treated with colored polymers. This coating is applied on the outside of the sheet, and varnished on the inside. The result is a durable, beautiful and durable roofing material.

Installing a metal tile roof is quite easy and quick, even with your own hands

The main advantages of metal tiles:

• Not heavy weight;
• variety of colors;
• simple installation;
• resistance to temperature changes, natural and mechanical influences;
• affordable price.

Among the disadvantages, there is increased noise during rain if the installation was carried out incorrectly and the roof is not insulated enough.

Metal tiles are very similar to natural ones, but are lighter

There are several types of polymer coating:

• polyester is the most common option;
• polyurethane - increases the service life and cost of metal tiles;
• made of special polymer compositions - thickness 35 microns, it is optimal for roofing.

Sheets of metal tiles are mounted on the sheathing, the pitch of which is 35–50 cm.

If the length of the roof slope is less than 7 meters, then a single sheet is used, and when it is longer, the sheets are combined. If the slope angle is less than 14°, then the sheets are overlapped by 2 waves.

To prevent condensation from accumulating on the roofing material, it is necessary to correctly assemble the roofing cake from steam and waterproofing film, as well as two types of insulation.

From corrugated sheets

In terms of characteristics and installation method, corrugated roofing is no different from metal tile roofing. The main difference is only in their appearance.

Roofing from corrugated sheets differs from metal tiles only in the ribbed surface

Here the sheathing is done in exactly the same way and insulation is laid.

How more slope roof, the thinner you can take the boards for sheathing (but not less than 3 cm) and the less often you can take its step (but not less than 0.3 m).

Sheets of corrugated sheets may differ in color, size, wave shape and metal thickness.

Corrugated sheeting can cover not only the roof own home, but also the top of an ordinary city balcony

From ceramic and cement-sand tiles

Despite the fact that new roofing materials are constantly appearing on the market, natural tiles do not lose their popularity.

Elements made from baked clay and dried cement-sand mixture They do not allow heat to pass through and have high porosity, so a roof made from such materials is warm and “breathable”, and when it rains, there is no noise in the house.

Ceramic tiles are also produced in the form of individual flakes, which can be used to lay out patterns on the roof

When choosing a covering made from natural tiles, it is important to consider its heavy weight. Therefore, not only the rafter system must be powerful, but also the entire supporting structure of the building: the foundation and walls. Another disadvantage is the fragility of the tiles, which complicates their transportation, unloading and installation.

Their different types of roof tiles turn out beautiful and neat in appearance.

Tiled roofing correct installation always reliable and beautiful. Despite the high cost of the material, such a roof is an excellent investment for the next 100 years.

According to classification, ceramic tiles are divided into the following types:

• glazed - shiny and smooth, covered with a special glaze;
• natural - it is simply fired, not covered with anything;
• engobed - matte and resistant to fading in the sun, covered with a thin layer of clay suspension.

Membrane

This is one of the varieties soft roof, used on flat roofs. On such a surface you can organize a recreation area and even plant lawn grass.

Membrane roofing is quickly laid and easily attached

Membrane thickness is from 0.8 to 2 mm. It is supplied in rolls ranging from 90 to 150 cm wide and up to 60 m long.

The service life of a properly installed membrane roof is 50 years or more. The manufacturer provides a 20-year warranty.

First, the membrane is laid out and then attached to the surface in one of the following ways:

Pros of membrane roofing:

• light weight;
• resistance to damage - thanks to the reinforcing mesh;
• high elasticity - practically does not decrease over time;
• resistance to impact sun rays;
• high fire resistance;
• simplicity and speed of installation - a team of workers can cover 500–600 m2 per shift.

Main disadvantage of this coating: it costs 30–50% more than bitumen materials.

Membrane roofing is commonly used to cover flat roofs

Several materials are used to create the base:

• polyvinyl chloride (PVC);
• synthetic rubber (EPDM);
• thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO).

Methods for installing membrane roofing:

• ballast - if the roof slope does not exceed 15 degrees. Ballast (crushed stone, pebbles, gravel) is poured on top of the spread material or a cement-sand screed is poured. When using broken stone, additional mats or non-woven fabric (loose technical fabric) are laid. Additional point fasteners are made along the perimeter and all junction points;

  With the ballast method of installing a membrane roof, it is difficult to find places of damage if a leak appears under the roof

• mechanical - when the roof structure is not designed to support the weight of ballast. The laid membrane is attached around the perimeter with special slats, and to the surface - with telescopic and disk holders;
• gluing is not a very reliable installation method, so it is rarely used. It is enough to glue the membrane around the perimeter, in problem areas and where there is overlap: double-sided adhesive tape is used for this;
• hot air welding - air with a temperature of up to 600 o C is supplied through special equipment.

  The membrane coating is welded with hot air using a device similar to a hair dryer: it simultaneously heats and dries the edges, so it can be used even in the rain

Fused roofing

For flat roofs and slopes with a slight angle, fused rolled materials are used. And on the most complex roofs of any shape, soft tiles are used. The disadvantages of such tiles are the high price and the need to lay the elements on sheets of waterproof plywood. All deposited materials consist of bitumen, which, when heated with a special burner, adheres perfectly to the surface.

Soft bitumen shingles allow you to cover roofs of various shapes and configurations due to their small size and ease of installation.

The tightness of such a roof and its service life directly depend on the quality of the elements being deposited and strict adherence to installation technology. A soft roof can last for 25 years. High performance characteristics are ensured due to its complexity:

1. Bottom layer: protects the roof from mechanical damage, sunlight and temperature changes;
2. Second layer: made of bitumen, serves to protect against moisture;
3. Base: made of fiberglass, ensures preservation of shape, does not allow the material to crack;
4. Another layer of bitumen: for additional waterproofing;
5. Top layer: slate or basalt topping, protects the surface from damage.

The bottom of the material can be covered with fine-grained stone sand, polymer, slurry or foil. All characteristics of a fused roof can be easily determined from its markings.

Bituminous shingles, when exposed to the sun, are additionally heated and glued into one common layer.

If the roof slope is more than 15°, then two layers of fused fabric are laid, but if it is 5–15°, then 3 layers will be required.

Roll

Roll materials are used on roofs with an inclination angle of 0 to 30 degrees.

More recently, the rolled materials used lasted no more than 10 years, but now new coatings have appeared, the service life of which has increased to 25 years.

Rolls for soft roofing began to be produced different colors, which made it possible to design roofs in unusual combinations

Roll roofing materials can be of two types:

• the main ones are made on a base impregnated with viscous mixtures. They can be tar, bitumen or bitumen-polymer;
• baseless - various fillers are added to binders and combined into a single web using heat treatment.

According to their structure, they are integumentary and non-integumentary.

Modern roll roofing can last 25–30 years

All rolled roofing materials are divided into 4 generations of use:

• roofing felt and glassine - based on roofing cardboard. They are still popular due to their low cost, although their service life is about 5 years;
• Rubemast is an improved roofing material: it is designed to be built-up, which is convenient for self-installation. It is easier and faster to install, but its service life is almost the same;
• glass roofing material - based on fiberglass or polyester. The service life reaches up to 15 years, and when laid in three layers - up to 30;
• membrane coating - service life more than 30 years. Installation is carried out in warm weather: just remove the film, roll out the material and press it down.

Rolled materials are fixed using roofing nails, bitumen mastic or gas burner.

Roofing made from fused rolled material lasts longer if the installation technology is followed

Liquid roof

Pouring liquid roofing can be used both during the construction new roof, and as a repair of old covering without dismantling roofing materials.

Liquid roofing is made by self-leveling, painting and spraying

The main advantage of this roof is its high reliability and long service life: liquid rubber is not afraid of temperature changes, is resistant to mechanical damage and high humidity. You can safely walk on it without fear of slipping.

Types of liquid roofing:

1. One-component: applied immediately after opening the container.
2. Two-component: consists of different parts:
   • bitumen-polymer emulsion - provides waterproofing characteristics;
   • an aqueous solution of calcium chloride - helps the sprayed solution to harden quickly.

To install the second coating, you need special equipment in which two components are mixed at the output. This small device, so it is convenient to use on the roof. The applied composition hardens in a few seconds.

Applying liquid roofing during repairs increases the service life of the previous coating

Depending on the method of application, liquid roofing can be painted, sprayed or self-leveling. Base under liquid rubber cleaned thoroughly. The composition is usually applied to a concrete or metal surface previously coated with polyurethane. But rubber can also be sprayed onto rolled roofing, improving its performance characteristics.

Liquid rubber is sprayed in a thin layer over roll roofing, creating additional protection for her

Inversion

Inversion roofing is wear-resistant and performs not only a protective function, but also has a functional and decorative purpose.

This type of roofing is used on flat roofs and can be walked on. Its main feature is that all layers are arranged in the reverse order: thermal insulation is on top, and waterproofing is on the bottom.

On the inversion roof you can arrange recreation areas, playgrounds and even parking lots

Inversion roofing is reliable, durable, and does not collapse under the influence of negative external factors.

Easy to install: just remove the previous covering from the flat roof and lay out the new one in the required order. Such a roof is usually actively used - it houses cafes, parking lots, and playgrounds.

Inversion roofing means “reversal”, that is, all layers of the coating are turned upside down.

Inversion roofing can be of three types:

• for minimal loads - used in private homes;
• for medium loads - a more durable insulation is laid, and the top is covered with paving slabs or other material;
• for increased loads - an intermediate reinforcing layer is added, then reinforced concrete slabs are laid.

If in a private house the installation of an inversion roof is carried out on a concrete slab, then it must first be primed, then waterproofing, insulation and welding material must be laid.

Polycarbonate roofs are erected over terraces, verandas, balconies and other non-residential structures. For this, different types of this material are used:

• profiled polycarbonate - monolithic corrugated sheets;
• cellular (cellular) polycarbonate - honeycomb structure, sheet lengths are 6 and 12 m, produced in colored and transparent;
• monolithic (cast) polycarbonate - solid sheets without voids, externally reminiscent of glass. They are multi-layered: the top layer is rough, the second serves to delay ultraviolet radiation, and the third ensures the strength of the material.

If high loads on the roof are expected, then it is better to lay thicker polycarbonate

Pros of polycarbonate:

• lightweight - does not require massive roof structures, can be quickly installed;
• transmits light well;
• colored specimens add brightness to the interior of the building;
• flexible and elastic - large sheet sizes make it possible to cover roofs of complex shapes;
• impact-resistant - does not break from any mechanical impacts (falling branches, impacts of stones);
• fireproof - fire does not spread over such a surface and dies out;
• resistant to strong temperature changes.

The polycarbonate is fastened using special self-tapping screws with press washers. The thickness of the sheets varies.

For a greenhouse or canopy, 4–10 mm will be enough, but to cover a large area it is better to take sheets no thinner than 16 mm. If high loads on the roof are expected, then it is necessary to lay sheets 32 mm thick.

To create good illumination in a room, transparent polycarbonate is used, and when it is necessary to protect some space from overheating, colored sheets with reflective additives are placed above it.

A colored polycarbonate canopy regulates heat exchange under the roof and serves as a shelter from the sun's rays, reflecting ultraviolet radiation

To build a roof of a certain shape, you first need to create a frame made of metal or aluminum profiles, sometimes a wooden beam is used. But there are also special polycarbonate profiles: detachable and non-detachable. And since they are also transparent, it seems that the structure is floating in the air.

From ondulin

In appearance, ondulin is similar to slate, but is made of elastic material.

Advantages of ondulin:

• almost zero water absorption;
• resistance to temperature changes;
• protection from damage by fungus, mold and insects;
• resistance to chemically active substances;
• protection against color loss under sunlight;
• light weight;
• simple installation;
• long service life.

Ondulin and slate are laid in the same way, but certain features still exist.

Manufacturers recommend laying ondulin at temperatures from 0 to +30 °C. If the roof slope is less than 10 degrees, then for fastening it is necessary to fill a continuous sheathing or plywood sheets. You can carry out installation without vapor and waterproofing film, but it is still better to lay it.

Installation of ondulin is carried out on a thin sheathing, and if the roof slope is less than 10 degrees, then wooden base nailed tightly, without gaps

The laying of ondulin sheets is carried out staggered, the lateral overlap is made by 1–2 waves, and the longitudinal overlap by 20–30 cm (it all depends on the angle of inclination of the slope). On wooden frame special nails are used, and on metal - self-tapping screws.

From slate

Slate is considered budget material. It is durable and easy to install.

Slate is usually produced in gray color, but you can paint it yourself or buy already painted sheets. Colored enamel not only changes the appearance of the slate covering, but also additionally protects it from moisture.

Painted slate roof instantly updates the appearance of the entire house

Its popularity is due to the following advantages:

• does not rust, does not conduct electricity, does not burn;
• during repairs, it allows you to replace one sheet;
• absorbs noise during rain;
• does not heat up from solar heat;
• lasts at least 30–40 years;

Gray slate is a common roofing material for small private houses

But this material also has a number of disadvantages:

• fragile;
• heavy;
• absorbs water, cracks over time and becomes covered with moss;
• asbestos slate contains carcinogenic substances (it is better to use chrysolite-cement).

Slate sheets come with a different number of waves, but their length is always 175 cm. Slate installation is carried out on nails with wide flat heads.

Thatched roof

It is believed that the thatched roof is already a relic, but now many luxury houses use just such a roof for covering. Not only straw, but also reed, heather, and reeds can also be used. Such natural materials are highly flexible, which gives unlimited scope for design imagination.

Roofs made of reeds and thatch look unusual and are used to decorate private houses

A thatched roof not only looks original and beautiful, it is also characterized by high heat efficiency.

A 30–35 cm layer of vegetation cover protects the building from heat and cold no worse than modern thermal insulation materials. With a layer thickness of about 30 cm, the weight square meter roofing is only 35 kg.

The natural plant roof is a modern, original solution with high performance characteristics

Do not think that a thatched roof will ignite from any spark. Before use, the material is treated with a fire retardant, and its dense installation reduces fire safety to the level of other types of roofing.

The service life of a thatched roof is 50 years or more, which is longer than that of corrugated sheets or metal tiles. Experts recommend installing this coating on roofs with an angle of at least 35 degrees. A natural roof does not require a ventilation system and perfectly absorbs sounds.

Types of roofing for private houses

A private house may have a flat or pitched roof, but the second option is usually found. In this case, the following types of roofing materials are used:

• piece - natural, composite, cement-sand or bitumen tiles, slate roofing;
• sheet - metal tiles, corrugated sheets, ondulin, slate, seam roofing;
• vegetable - from reeds, reeds, straw, heather.

When choosing a roofing material for a private house, you need to take into account not only its performance characteristics, but also its appearance in order to make the building beautiful and original.

Video: choosing a roof for a private house

Types of roofing of apartment buildings

If an apartment building is 1–4 floors high, then it usually has a pitched roof, so the same materials are used to cover it as in private housing construction.

IN multi-storey buildings the roof is always flat: rolled and fused materials are used to cover it or it is laid membrane roofing. If the surface of a flat roof is planned to be used, then an inversion roof is installed, on which you can walk and drive. Additionally, liquid roofing is used on the roofs of high-rise buildings: it perfectly protects from moisture and is durable.

Video: green roof on the roof of an apartment building

The roof is a structure that serves as the end of the house in its upper part

Construction of the roof is one of the most important moments in the process of building a house. When installing a roof, it is very important to follow the roof installation technology, violation of which can lead to troubles: heat loss, leakage, or even distortion and destruction of the entire roof frame. So that the roof copes with its protective functions, it must be built correctly.

The roof is mandatory element any building. Regardless of the type of roof and the materials from which it is made, this structure must be durable and perform its main functions. The main purpose of each roof is to protect the building from any weather, and in the case of the attic floor, to serve as a high-quality hydro- and heat insulator.

Designed according to expected loads and architectural features building, the roof structure will not only decorate the structure, but will also provide it with reliable protection. The more carefully the design of the roof is thought out and the calculations of the parameters of the constituent elements of its design are more accurately carried out, the more practical it will be during further operation.

Based on the slope of the roofing system, they can be pitched or flat. The latter are installed horizontally or with a slope not exceeding 3%. Pitched roofs consist of inclined planes intersecting at their peaks - slopes.

The slope of such roofs is calculated based on the roofing material used. So, when covering a roof with ceramic tiles, the slope is determined by the ratio 1:2, and if it is covered with metal tiles - 1:3 (L = 16). Roofs with a slope angle of 15% or more are classified as steep, and up to 15% - flat.

What parts does the roofing system of buildings consist of?

Regardless of the features of the structure on which the roof is planned to be installed, its structure is assembled from the following main elements:

• Mauerlat;
• rafter system;
• sheathing;
• waterproofing;
• thermal insulation;
• vapor barrier;
• roofing material.

Mauerlat acts as a solid foundation for the roof structure. This top harness from beams made of wood or reinforced concrete. The beams must be firmly fixed to the walls of the structure. The upper surface of the beams or wooden logs must be horizontal, since the remaining structural elements will be mounted on it in the future. To protect the wood of the beams from moisture, several layers of roofing material can be laid on them.

It is the most important part of the roof structure, determining its shape and also providing necessary protection and stability of the entire building. Often, the features of a given roof element determine its type and shape and allow the creation of unique roofing systems. The rafters must withstand not only the effects of weather conditions, but also the total weight of the roof. Typically, the size of the timber for the frames of rafter systems is 5x15 cm.

Important!

To distribute the load evenly, the rafter beams are reinforced with additional supports: spacers laid on the mauerlat parallel to the rafters, vertical posts, inclined struts, as well as ridge and side girders located across the rafter beams.

To attach the roofing material, a sheathing of small strips or boards is laid on the rafters. Wooden boards located at a certain distance from each other, depending on the type of roofing material. If the roof roll type, the step of laying the sheathing should be no more than 1 cm. For metal tiles or polycarbonate sheets, the optimal step is about 60 cm.

For waterproofing, namely protecting the roof from moisture penetration from the outside, a layer of special film is used. It can be placed under or on top of the sheathing, avoiding excessive tension and sagging of the layer. At the joints of the fabric, the films are overlapped with a size of 20 cm and firmly secured with construction tape.

There is a large selection of thermal insulation materials for roof insulation. They can be laid or sprayed between rafter joists without leaving any gaps. Uneven distribution of insulation can negatively affect the quality of the thermal insulation layer and lead to a decrease in its performance characteristics.

Important!

To prevent the accumulation of excess moisture in the roofing system, it is necessary to install special gaps to ensure sufficient ventilation.

To protect against moisture penetration into the roof from inside the structure, the insulation is covered with another layer of film. Special membrane films are designed in such a way as to absorb water vapor without leaking into the roof. Subsequently, the absorbed moisture gradually evaporates.

The very top part and face of the roof is the roofing material. To cover the roof, metal tile sheets, slate, corrugated sheets, and roofing steel are mainly used. Roofing is less commonly made from polycarbonate, ceramic tiles, and glass.

Types of roofing structures depending on shape

There are a wide variety of roofing options in terms of shape. In modern construction, pitched roofs are mainly installed. Horizontal structures cannot fully protect the structure from adverse weather conditions. A lot of snow lingers on their surface, and when it rains, moisture can seep into the building.

Pitched roofs vary in the number of slopes. The simplest and most economical roof design with one slope. Frame system such a roof is mounted on the walls of the house with a certain slope, due to the fact that they have different heights. On an attic floor with such a roof it will not be possible to equip a residential attic. And the building with such a roof looks rather rustic. Such polycarbonate roofs are often built on terraces, balconies, and verandas.

Gable

Gable (gable) roofs are widely used in the construction of a wooden house in the suburbs or private developments in small towns. Often it can be country houses. The 2 slopes of such a roof are connected to each other by means of a ridge - a horizontal rib. This type of roofing is the most common and most practical. The space under such a roof, limited on the sides by parts of the walls of the structure, can be used as an attic or attic. The building can be given an original look by installing slopes that differ in width or slope angle.

Types of hip roofs

A very reliable and durable structure made in the European style is the hip roof (Dutch). Its frame consists of 4 slopes: 2 triangular in shape, located instead of pediments, and 2 trapezoidal slopes. Installing such a roof is a rather complex and time-consuming process, but the result justifies the effort.

Advice!

Sometimes, in order to achieve a triangle shape on the unused part of the pediment, its lower part is covered with a slope. A window is usually installed in this part.

Even more difficult to implement is the half-hip type of roof. This roof has truncated triangular slopes located above the trapezoidal ones. In addition to additional attractiveness, it is characterized by high functional qualities. In addition, the half-hip design allows you to arrange quite a big window.

Hip frame roofing is also a type of hip roof. It is formed by three or more slopes, their peaks connecting at the top at one point. The peculiarity of this roof is the absence of a ridge. Symmetrical triangular slopes create an impressive design in appearance. This type of roof is usually used in polygonal or square shaped houses.

Multi-pincer design

A multi-gable frame roof is suitable for installation in polygonal structures. This type of roof is a rather complex structure and requires a carefully thought out, precisely drawn up plan.

To install a residential attic, a broken-type roof is installed on the attic floor. The fractures of its slopes have a significant angle of inclination, which ensures the formation of a large free space under the roof.

Dome roof structure

Rounded roofs in the form of a cone or dome are not installed along the entire perimeter of the building. They cover such building elements as decorative turrets or rounded terraces.

Combined roof options

Combined roof designs can combine a wide variety of frame types.

Combined roofing may include various elements of hip roofs. The multi-gable design can be equipped with a large number of compact glass windows, small balconies, as well as verandas or terraces made of polycarbonate. Thus, they allow you to embody the most daring and original design solutions. Their main disadvantage is complex installation and rather expensive maintenance.

What type of roofing system to choose for a private home

In construction practice, the most various types. Basically, the projection of a particular type of roof depends on the wishes and financial capabilities of the home owner. Currently, it is possible to install the most unusual roofing systems: glass, metal, polycarbonate, ceramic or metal tiles.

By giving preference to any type of roof, the owner of a private house thereby determines the features of the future frame rafter system. It is also taken into account what weather conditions the building will be in and how the attic space is planned to be used. If a residential attic is planned, the desired number of rooms in the space under the roof, as well as their purpose, are taken into account.

Roof covering materials

Various building materials are used to cover roofing structures: rigid and bendable, piece and in rolls, profiled and flat. Some use it for roofing a small house, others for a multi-story city building, and others for commercial buildings.

Sheet roofing:

• metal tile sheets;
• corrugated sheeting;
• ondulin (euro slate, aqualin);
• slate;
• copper seam sheets, as well as aluminum or steel.

Corrugated sheets and metal tiles are valued primarily for their durability. Slate is a more budget option. Seam roofing, unlike metal tiles, is more often used when covering industrial buildings.

Soft types materials:

• flexible tiles. A multi-tongue structure is mainly mounted from it;
• roll roofing (glass insulation, waterproofing);
• membrane roofing (EPDM, TPO, PVC), for example, polycarbonate sheets.

Piece materials:

• ceramic tiles;
• bulk (mastic);
• slate roofing.

In the construction of country houses, polycarbonate roofs are often installed. Thanks to its features, the roof is durable and light. This material characterized by strength and lightness, transmits daylight and is an alternative to glass coverings. Polycarbonate roofing is used in the construction of terraces, attics, verandas, and greenhouses. Due to the presence of air chambers, polycarbonate sheets have high sound insulation and excellent heat retention indoors. In addition, the cost of polycarbonate is lower than glass coatings.

Functions and types of roof eaves structures

The overhang of the cornice protruding beyond the perimeter of the walls of the house is intended to protect against precipitation. Elements of the cornice mask the line of connection between the inner surface of the roof slopes and the walls of the house and make the facade of the building complete.

Cornice overhangs are installed on the sides of the building and on the side of its facade due to the protruding edges of the inclined slopes. The overhang of the side cornice is usually 50 cm, the front one - about 1 m.

To ensure the safe operation of the front cornice, it is necessary to take a responsible approach to the choice of materials.

Important!

An important point when finishing the cornice is to ensure sufficient ventilation, regardless of the type of design chosen and the size of the cornice.

In total, the number of ventilation holes should be up to 1/400 of the area internal space.

Types of roof frames

The roof frame system is an important load-bearing element of any building. Depending on the materials of manufacture roof frames are divided into the following types:

• a concrete frame structure is used for the manufacture of flat or gently sloping single-slope systems and consists of special slabs;
• The rafter type roofing system is a frame made of lumber. This option optimally suited for installation various types pitched roofs;
• in industrial houses, it is advisable to install metal roof frames made from durable metal beams;

When constructing private houses, frames are mainly used gable roof from lumber.

Important!

The roof frame is subject to heavy loads during operation. To ensure the safety and reliable protection of the building, it must be as durable and high quality as possible.

To construct the roof of a multi-storey apartment building, metal or concrete lean-to structures are more often used.

The choice of roof shape and type of roofing material is largely determined by the features of the architectural configuration of the structure, weather conditions, the planned direction of water flow, as well as the individual preferences of the home owner. Regardless of the type of roof, if desired, it can be supplemented and old elements can be replaced with new ones.

Ksenia Skvortsova. Chief Editor. Author.
Planning and distribution of responsibilities in the content production team, working with texts.
Education: Kharkov State Academy Cultures, specialty “Culturologist.” Teacher of history and cultural theory." Experience in copywriting: From 2010 to currently. Editor: since 2016.

When we talk about “types of roofing” and “types of house roofs,” we don’t always clearly understand the difference between these two concepts. Therefore, before we talk about what types of roofs there are, let’s find out the differences in the concepts of “roof” and “roofing”.

The roof (in the traditional sense) is a part of the building structure that provides its protection from all types of precipitation, retains heat or protects against overheating. That is, this is all top design structures. For a modern stone building with a flat structure, these are floor slabs, thermal and waterproofing. The exit, fences, ventilation ducts and their protection, antenna fastening elements, funnels for releasing storm drains are also roof elements. There is no consensus regarding the identity of the hatch with the lock that hangs the housing unit to prevent people from climbing onto the roof. For a house with an inclined (pitched) structure, this concept includes a load-bearing rafter system or trusses, insulation, water and wind insulation, pipes, weather vanes and roofing.

In fact, from the point of view of Soviet construction science, a roof is a pre-revolutionary and illiterate concept, and only the progressive term “covering” should be used. But in real life, even professional designers and builders rarely use it. Perhaps due to the likelihood of dual interpretation. In part, the definition of “covering” has taken root in relation to structures with a load-bearing reinforced concrete or metal base, mainly flat. And call it “coating” top part St. Basil's Cathedral or the roof of a village hut would not occur to any architect, even though they were taught “correctly.”

The roof is only a shell that protects the coating from atmospheric influences. The roof does not perform load-bearing functions. That is, floor slabs, rafter system, beams, and insulation do not belong to the roof. Often it includes load-bearing preparation of the roof: sheathing, decking, screed. The material laid on the prepared surface: Soviet roofing felt and slate, folk Russian-French ondulin, fabulous German tiles and New Russian copper is called roofing.

Flat and pitched designs

Roofs can be flat or pitched. In accordance with SNiP, roofs with a slope of up to 12° are flat, and those with a greater slope are pitched. On flat roofs, a slope is arranged to drain precipitation; 1.5-3° is sufficient.

The flat roof provides plenty of room for imagination in terms of design.

A pitched roof can have a very original look

Attic and non-attic roofs

As the name suggests, an attic roof has an attic, while a non-attic roof does not. Russian hut, and most types in general traditional home All countries and peoples have a ventilated attic. With the exception of mobile housing: yurts, tents, wigwams. This is difficult to do there. Also, the tribes living in the equatorial jungle do not have attics; they do not need them. Attics ( technical floors) is found in modern multi-storey residential buildings. Therefore, if the roof is leaking, residents will not find out about it immediately.

Attic-free (synonym - combined) coverings can be pitched (attic) and flat. We are familiar with flat combined structures from panel “Khrushchev” buildings. The attic structure allows you to use the attic as a full-fledged living space. Attic and attic roofs require good thermal insulation of the upper floor. The roof can also be combined one-story building.

A combined gable roof in a one-story house creates the impression of spaciousness

Types of flat coverings

The layout of flat roofs is quite similar; they differ mainly in design. Based on the relative position of the layers of insulation and waterproofing, in addition to the usual type, inversion roofs are also distinguished; in this case, the hygroscopic (waterproof) insulation is located above the waterproofing layer. As load-bearing structures in flat roofs, prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete, metal profiles with metal beams, wooden beams with continuous flooring.

Flat roof roof structure according to reinforced concrete slab coating is multilayer

The area of ​​flat roofs can be used by laying a covering on which you can walk: ceramic or paving slabs, boardwalk, or by installing a lawn on the roof.

New York has adopted a program to transform the roofs of public buildings into gardens and lawns.

In fact, installing a lawn on the roof of a house is not as difficult as you might think. Perhaps the only thing that is relatively expensive is a waterproofing polymer membrane. Everything else is quite simple, and grass care is standard: it needs to be mowed and watered during drought. A layer of earth additionally protects the premises from cold in winter and from overheating in summer.

The design of the roof lawn is quite simple. Nessesary to use reliable waterproofing- roofing polymer membrane

Details of the pitched structure

Before talking about what types of roofs there are, let’s define the main details of pitched roofs and terms. Main elements: ridge, inclined rib, valley (groove). Overhangs are divided into eaves (lower) and pediment (end or gable). For most types of roofing, in addition to the main material, there are separate additional elements for protecting and decorating the roof parts.

The basic elements of pitched roofs are standard.

Let's look at what types of roofs there are depending on the configuration. The shapes of pitched roofs are very diverse. Most often, the simplest in design and rational single-pitch, gable and hip types and roof structures are used.

The first eight types shown in the illustration are available to a private developer of average income. The rest are quite complex and expensive to implement.

Let's consider individual types of roofs and their properties in more detail.

Single-pitch roofing

A roof with one slope is as simple as possible structurally and has a minimum number of parts. There is no ridge; for non-ventilated roofing coverings (for example, flexible tiles, seam roofing) there is no need for special ventilation elements. It is enough to provide a ventilation layer above the insulation, and the ventilation holes can be located in the filing. A pitched roof does not have valleys, ribs and ridges, which are most exposed to weather conditions. The maximum wear and tear on roofing in cold climates occurs in the valley, as snow and ice remain there longer. A simple-shaped roof with a slope to one side is exposed to uniform influence of precipitation, ultraviolet radiation and wind. Snow load is also distributed evenly. All other things being equal, a pitched roof will last a little longer. And it will cost less: a simpler rafter system, a minimum number of not always cheap additional elements.

Russian project of a standard house with a pitched roof. The high slope with living rooms should be oriented towards the sunny side

Shed roofs are quite popular in developed countries. More often they are used for inexpensive, or, conversely, prestigious housing. For a house with an attic, one slope allows you to rationally organize the layout, placing living spaces under the high slope, and stairs, bathrooms, and wardrobes under the low slope. In a premium-class home, such a roof makes it possible to create magnificent interior.

Simple materials were used to build this country house: wood, galvanized metal profiles and a lot of glass. Large roof overhangs protect walls from precipitation and rooms from overheating. Athermal stained glass windows fill the house with light, open up the landscape and protect people from the cold

A roof with one barrel-shaped slope looks quite interesting

Gable design

The most common form in the world. The gable (gable) roof is traditional in almost all countries where at least some precipitation occurs. It is not much more difficult to build a supporting structure for two slopes than for one. It is very durable, especially if it is possible to build a closed rafter system using a tie.

Tightening (2) tightens rafter legs(1). From the closed triangular contour, only the vertical load is transferred to the Mauerlat (3) and the wall.

For large spans it is necessary to use additional supports

A gable roof is simple to implement, economical in materials, and not difficult to build yourself. Pediments serve as better places to place windows than slopes; it is not difficult to equip an attic.

The gable roof fits perfectly into the structure of a frame house and allows rational use of the space on the upper floor.

The slopes do not have to have the same slope; the shape of the roof may be asymmetrical. The roof slope is determined mainly by the layout of the second floor.

The peaked roofs of half-timbered houses traditionally hid attics where residents stored some of their supplies. In this reconstructed house, the attic has been converted into living space

The Swiss chalet has a gable roof with a slight slope

The minimal slope and open space of the upper floor create a wonderful, spacious interior

A gable roof can have many options. With a house plan more complex than a simple rectangle, more complex roof shapes are inevitable.

Gable roof with additional gable. With a stretch, it can be called multi-pincer

A gable roof (as well as a single-pitch roof) is perfect for landscaping.

The slope of the green roof should not exceed 25°

Hip view

A hip or hip roof is more complex than a gable roof. Both the rafter system and roofing will cost more. But you won't have to build masonry gables. With an inexpensive roof covering (asbestos slate, ondulin), a hip roof, taking into account the absence of gables, will cost less than a gable roof. If it's more expensive, it's unlikely. From positive properties hip design can be called the optimal aerodynamic resistance of such a design, which in general can increase its service life (slightly). Slopes on all sides of the house make it possible to create large canopies around the perimeter of the entire structure, providing the walls with the best protection from precipitation. But in organizing the attic space, the hipped roof loses.

Simple-shaped hipped attic roof

There are varieties of hip roofs: half-hip (an intermediate type of roof between gable and hip), hip with a visor, or variations thereof.

The main part of the roof is of a rather complex shape - half-hip. To the right is a bay window with a multi-pitched roof and a pediment.

Windows in hip roof have to be built into the slopes, into the roofing. This complicates their design and operation and is often more expensive than placing a window in the pediment.

Dormer windows of this type are called “bull’s eye”

Multi-slope variety

A hip roof is a hip roof. But if the house has more than four external corners, there will also be more slopes. A roof with more than four slopes is called multi-slope.

A multi-pitched roof is difficult to construct

A hipped roof is a hipped roof, all the faces (slopes) and edges of which converge at one upper point. This type of roof does not have a horizontal ridge.

Hip roof. It contains three types at once skylights

Attic construction

Mansard roofs are called roofs of various shapes and types, which have one common feature: the shape of the slope is made of a broken line to increase the height of the attic rooms. In this way, it is possible to avoid the installation of sloping ceilings and arrange full-fledged rooms upstairs. The broken contour of the rafters can be used for any type of roof: gable, hip, half-hip, and so on.

Collected truss structure gable mansard roof.

The design of the attic roof allows you to connect the upper and lower beams (tie), racks, rafters into a single truss, which provides it with extreme strength and allows you to slightly reduce the cross-section of the frame elements.

The load from the attic roof truss is transmitted vertically

Installation of load-bearing structures for mansard roofs is more difficult than for prototypes with a straight slope. The roof area is slightly larger. Accordingly, the cost is higher. However, these costs are offset by an increase in the area of ​​​​normal height on the attic floor.

Mansard roof based on a gable roof. Additional fractures in the cornice area make it possible to create large overhangs, making the roof vaguely reminiscent of Chinese pagodas

Pleasant to the eye hip mansard roof. The slopes are divided into different volumes, the lower part has a curved shape

Roofs of complex shapes

All kinds of domed, conical and closed roofs are complex in design and were invented by architects to design important public buildings. After the period of “crimson jackets” and “rouble locks” complex roofs in the architecture of individual residential buildings are rare.

Residential building with a complex domed roof

Sometimes complex roofs are composed of known elements and are “hybrids” of different types.

This roof combines the features of gable, hip, half-hip, pyramidal and conical roofs

But people strive to decorate their home and make it unusual. Sometimes there are “hybrid” types of roofs, which are difficult to define unambiguously.

A natural slate roof is definitely not flat. Germany

A simple but unusual roof. To be more precise, this house has two of them, downstairs and upstairs.

The roof of this “dugout” would be intended for sledding in winter if palm trees were not reflected in the windows. And what type is it?

Choosing roofing material for a pitched roof

Types of roofing are determined by the material of the roofing covering. The roof can be tile, metal, shingle, copper, and so on. The choice of roofing is determined primarily by the financial capabilities of the developer, the aesthetic tastes of the wife and himself, and secondly by the shape of the roof and its slope. Roofs of curved shapes are covered with small-piece or flexible coverings; sheet materials are more suitable for simple pitched and gable roofs. In the presence of fractures (oblique ribs, valleys), cutting sheets is less rational.

The table shows the minimum roof slopes for different types of roofing coverings

For roofs of simple shapes, you can use any roofing materials without restrictions. Roofs with a complex curved shape can only be decorated with small-piece (natural tiles, slate slate, shingles, shingles), flexible (bitumen shingles) coating. Roofing made of galvanized steel, copper, steel with titanium-zinc coating is also suitable, provided that the elements are individually cut and the seam is made on site.

So, we found out what types of roofs there are. What to choose for yourself? First of all, the roof must fit the budget. The more complex the form, the more money will have to spend. WITH gable roof Any developer can handle it. In Germany there are 80 percent of such roofs. And why are we worse? If you have the funds, you can think of something more original, but something simple can be done beautifully.