Interior is the internal space of a room, reflecting the internal state of a person. Interior of a residential building. The concept of composition in the interior The concept of interior and its elements
Often modern owners think about what interior design is, the answer is quite simple and uncomplicated. This specific solution, chosen for the design of residential, industrial or commercial premises. This term implies careful development of design, including selection flooring, decoration for walls, doors or windows, as well as drawing up a lighting plan, arrangement of furniture or other elements of the composition. The main task this process is to create a holistic composition, the details of which are harmoniously combined with each other.
As practice shows, interior design is a professional, creative action that is aimed at obtaining a functional, attractive space. The beginning of the development of the plan is considered original idea, born directly in the head of the client or designer. Before it is implemented, a comprehensive project is drawn up, reflecting all technical requirements, as well as the aesthetic preferences of the property owner.
Art correct placement furniture and other interior elements inside rooms of various layouts allows you to fully reveal the essence of the owner, filling every centimeter of living space with meaning and attractiveness. Therefore, before starting renovations, you need to understand what interior design is, how to decorate it correctly, and what style to choose.
Why do you need design?
Correct, competent design situation is necessary for comfortable stay. In order to rationally use all the benefits, a person must independently or with the help of a professional specialist arrange the space of his living space in order to get a unique, memorable interior. 
The majority of a person's life is spent in various rooms, therefore, the design of the surrounding interior is given Special attention. Illiterate work, which is characterized by a chaotic environment, can provoke irritation, stress and even depression. While correct design interior design is a unique opportunity to change to better life person. Often you have to deal with a situation where inside a room with incorrect decoration your mood decreases and you experience discomfort. Therefore, most people who want to change their lives for the better start with renovations.
History of origin
The concept of “interior design” appeared approximately in the middle of the twentieth century, but the first principles of home improvement were used in ancient times, when it was necessary to decorate the home local nobility, palace or temple. Only with the growth of the population's well-being were these concepts able to become widespread.
So what is interior design, where did its history begin? From the very beginning of its existence, design rules are aimed not only at creating the decoration of the room, but also at improving its ergonomic qualities. Widespread distribution received interior design only after things got better industrial production, as well as conveyor assembly.
Modern design of a living space can be carried out in any one of a variety of styles or in a mixed one. 
Today, the most popular styles include Rococo, Baroque, and Empire. They are distinguished by pretentious decoration, as well as abundance decorative elements. As a rule, interior design is a manipulation that every homeowner can perform independently, but the end result in this case can be quite unexpected, since it is difficult to create a project without special professional skills, including color design and knowledge of building materials.
Even if the owner-executor is able to draw an image of the desired interior on paper, during the implementation of the project he may encounter a large number of difficulties, for example, with the selection of all necessary materials, furniture, with the organization of a lighting system. That is why cooperation with a professional designer will help save nerves, strength, and personal time.
Basic Design Styles
Why is it important to know what interior design is, what styles and trends exist? Among all the known ones, one can highlight the basic directions that served as the basis for the creation of all the main styles or their mixing. It is their organic combination that will help create an interior that can most adequately and fully display inner world home owner:
1. Antiquity. Given stylistic direction everyone knows from architectural monuments great Ancient Greece or Rome, which evoke admiration for their indescribable, complete beauty. Such dwellings are often decorated with triumphal arches, barrel vaults, decorative columns, sculptures of gods, noble people, and artistic paintings.
2. Classicism is considered the standard of beauty and style. Its main features are simplicity and symmetry. Classic design interior design is smooth wall surfaces, limited clear shapes or volumes that do not hide structures, and so on. For such an environment, discreet decorative elements, as well as stucco and sculpture, are ideal.
3. Art Nouveau is interesting for its natural motifs. Complex systems ornaments used for interior decoration are based on stylized images of plants, flowers, swans, and so on. A feature of this direction is the ability to use not only natural, but also artificial materials for decoration. When working with living space, twisting lines and asymmetrical details can be used.
It is important to understand not only what interior design is, but also that the styles listed are not a complete list. This is just a base that serves as the basis for creating new directions and experiments.
Interior- it is architecturally and artistically designed inner space houses, buildings that provide a person with aesthetic perception and favorable living conditions; interior space of a building or separate room, architectural solution which is determined by its functional purpose.
Interior design is based on a synthesis of pragmatic (to make it comfortable) and artistic (to make it beautiful) ideas and solutions aimed at improving the conditions of human existence in an aesthetically holistic way. perfect form.
The interior of the room consists of three components:
- building shell - floor, walls, ceiling;
- subject content (equipment, furniture);
- functional processes that form both space and the sensory-psychological atmosphere.
Marble polishing
Natural stone is very easy to process; a lot of things can be made from it: countertops, window sills, fountains, decorative panels, floors, the list can be endless. In the process of working with stone, to give it a finished look, it is necessary to grind and then polish the marble.Exhibition “Nashchokinsky House - Journey to Moscow”
"My small house" - that's what Pavel Voinovich Nashchokin called miniature copy his Moscow home. His friends who were abroad spoke with admiration about the long European tradition of creating doll houses. Perhaps the works of the German romantic E.T.A. Hoffmann was prompted by Nashchokin to order copies of all the objects around him from famous masters. The furniture for the house was made in the famous workshop of the Gumbs brothers, the porcelain service was made at the A. Popov factory. The special value of these items is that they are current models real things: you can boil water in a samovar, play a Fisher piano using knitting needles, play a game of pyramid on billiards.Graphic collection of interior views. Interior in Russian graphics
State historical Museum within the framework of the exhibition “Interior in Russian graphics of the 19th – early 20th centuries” for the first time presents graphic collection of interior views, which is one of the largest in Russia.About 60 works - interiors of imperial and grand-ducal palaces, urban and rural estates, St. Petersburg and Moscow mansions, as well as the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, St. Isaac's Cathedral and the Church of St. Catherine the Great Martyr at the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg - made by recognized masters of the interior genre and less famous artists XIX – early XX centuries.
Biedermeier style in everyday life
The Biedermeier style was most clearly manifested in everyday life: comfortable furniture, an abundance of little things that would later be called “philistine”, paintings where genre scenes predominate... German and Austrian poets, artists and writers idealized “small joys” home comfort, lovingly recording every little detail, preaching complete immersion in nature and the family circle.“The pattern is perfected...” Russian typesetting furniture of the 18th century
More than 50 works of decorative and applied art - pieces of furniture from the palaces and estates of the Yusupovs, Sheremetevs, Apraksins and other noble families - represent the “golden age” of Russian typesetting furniture at the exhibition. Secretaries, bureaus, "bobby tables", chests of drawers, tables for needlework, card tables from the Catherine and Pavlovian eras... The masterpieces of Russian serf carpentry masters are presented in Moscow for the first time in such a representative composition. Among the authors of works of furniture art are masters known to specialists and connoisseurs: Nikifor Vasiliev, Matvey Veretennikov, Christian Mayer, Okhta masters.Each of us is familiar with the meaning of the word “interior”. However, not everyone thinks that the environment has a fairly strong influence not only on the psycho-emotional state, but also on health in general. And here important role Absolutely all the little things play a role, which are often not given much importance. To understand such subtleties and determine which better style design choice for your home so that it contributes to the preservation of internal harmony, you need to delve a little deeper into the meaning of this definition. It is necessary to analyze the main points and identify the most suitable options for yourself.
What is the interior?
First, let's give the exact concept. The interior is a room, which consists of its architectural, artistic and functional design. That is, it also fits wall decoration with all the figured plasterboard structures, arches, columns and partitions. This also applies to the material used for interior design rooms on the ceiling, walls and floor. It also captures the furniture and its arrangement in space, textile decoration with different decorative things, accessories in the form of vases, figurines, candlesticks and, of course, lighting design premises. All these elements determine big picture at home: the perception and personal feelings of a person located in such a space depend on how correct the approach was when creating it.
Also the interior is color design. It can be quite aggressive with bright contrasts or, conversely, calm and mysterious. When choosing a color, the style of the rooms plays an important role.
Varieties of interior
The room may resemble the Renaissance. Sometimes rooms are decorated like an office or an Indian wigwam. Based on this, the main interior styles can be divided into three groups:
- Classic ones that appeared many years ago.
- Modern, meeting the current requirements of technological progress.
- Ethnic, characteristic of a certain nationality.
And here, when decorating a home, it is necessary to choose not only options that suit personal tastes, but also interior styles that are well compatible with each other. A description of the main groups will help you do right choice to create a harmonious home space.
Classic style
Quite popular among wealthy families and elderly couples. Classics include styles such as antique, where symmetry and simplicity dominate. Harmonious combinations of shapes and calm shades of finishing are the main ones character traits. An original variation of the antique theme is the Empire style, embellished with the use of expensive materials and elaborate furniture with carved elements and luxurious upholstery. However, when decorating, you should organize all the elements as much as possible so as not to create chaos.
Another fairly common option classic design - Gothic style. This kind of interior is an elaborate design of the room. Its main elements: high ceilings, huge lancet windows, stained glass windows, carved furniture.
Speaking about popular classics, one cannot fail to mention classicism, where restraint and simultaneous “elegantity” are the main features of the style. The borrowed symmetry and harmony of antiquity are complemented here with massive furniture and finishing made from expensive materials. Equally expensive design options include lush and unique Such an interior is great option for huge rooms where you need to emphasize the status of the owners of the house.
The Rococo style is also classified as classic. This The best decision for the bedroom. The so-called boudoir style of this design will be appreciated by people who are partial to ornate decorations with an abundance of decorative elements. Modern also fit into the group classic styles. It is characterized by smooth curves and large spaces, visually divided into zones. The main finishing material is wood.
Modern interior design
In today's world, rationality is highly valued. Therefore, the interior styles of this group are highly functional and often do not have unnecessary elements that do not have any benefit. One of prominent representatives modern options home decoration is the best solution for maximum functionality with a minimum amount of decor. Not so long ago, the art deco style, which differs from classic version interweaving smooth lines with straight ones. It is characterized by maximum simplicity and luxury at the same time.
Also included in this group is the pop art style: it is characterized by bright colors and contrasts with neon lighting and gloss. Those who love a sense of freedom will love the minimalist interior with sharp right angles, calm colors, restrained furniture and an abundance of glass. Speaking about modernity in the interior, one cannot fail to mention the so-called kitsch. He is somehow miraculously able to combine all known interior styles into one holistic and harmonious picture.
Ethnic decoration of premises
This option is preferred by young couples. home interior design is an option for people who value a certain culture. Here you can highlight such bright styles as African, Japanese, Provence and rustic country.
White Hall of the Mariinsky Palace
Interior design is based on a synthesis of pragmatic and artistic ideas and solutions aimed at improving the conditions of human existence in a holistic, aesthetically perfect form. The interior consists of three components:
- building shell - floor, walls, ceiling;
- subject content (equipment, furniture);
- functional processes that form both space and the sensory-psychological atmosphere.
Materials
In terms of design, there are quite a few big choice materials for the interior (walls, floors, ceilings, stairs, etc.), interior decoration. The selection of material depends on design idea its design, depending on the type and size of the room (bathroom, kitchen, gym, etc.).
Materials for the interior of the bathroom and kitchen
To decorate the interior of the bathroom and kitchen, ceramic tiles, glass photo tiles, and mosaics are used, since both ceramic tiles and glass mosaics have all the characteristics (water resistance, high strength, etc.) for this type of room. These materials are basically identical, but they have a very big difference in terms of design ideas and the uniqueness of the interior.
Mosaics are small cubes of various shapes, sizes up to 5x5 cm, the color range is quite wide. Based on these characteristics, various mixes can be made (combination various shades colors of mosaic cubes), stretch marks, but most of all the wall mosaic panel will please the eye.
Combination ceramic tiles and glass mosaic can make the interior of your bathroom truly attractive and exclusive. And from an economic point of view, mosaics and tiles are practically the same in price.
Also used to create the desired atmosphere natural materials warm color range- wood, natural stone.
Trends
Modern interior design is characterized by various, even seemingly contradictory trends: on the one hand, the desire to maximally saturate the interior space technical devices, special equipment (air conditioning systems, computer technology etc.), on the other hand, by “getting closer” to nature, by including natural components into the interior (greenery, swimming pools, relief fragments, transparent coatings and walls that open the interior to the natural environment).
Interior in literature
The interior displays everyday details. Often helps to reveal the character's characteristics. For example, the description of Ilya Ilyich Oblomov’s apartment in I. A. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov” shows the general passivity of the hero, the cyclical nature of his lifestyle.
Sections: Technology
The purpose of the lesson:
- To familiarize students with the basic qualities of the interior and its features;
- To cultivate aesthetic taste based on the compositional construction of the interior;
- Develop independent activity when performing practical work;
Equipment: Workbook, magazines with residential interiors, posters, computer.
Lesson type: combined.
During the classes
1. Organizing time lesson.
- Check students' readiness for the lesson.
- Psychological mood for the lesson.
- Appointment of duty officers.
2. Studying new material.
House- this is a reflection of the souls of the people who live in it. Whatever it is - a four-story mansion or standard apartment in a panel house, for any person it should be that one and only place in which it is always comfortable and cozy.
Since ancient times, people have said: “To lead a house, don’t weave bast shoes.” Guys, what other proverbs and sayings about home do you know?
But there is a whole science about how to run a home - home economics
IN explanatory dictionary V.I. Dahl explains this word as “housekeeping, that is, caring for the good order of all household items” .
Today in the lesson we will talk about one of these components - the qualities and features of the interior.
What is the interior?
This is a borrowed word. (Interior translated from French means internal).
Interior is the interior space of a building or room within a building; indoor environment. Compliance of the interior of the apartment with the character of a person: his habits, worldview, temperament is the main condition for developing a style. The main thing is that the interior design should follow a common line and individual elements should combine harmoniously and naturally with each other.
The main qualities of the interior are functionality, hygiene, and aesthetics.
Functionality – promotes normal living conditions. Each room in the apartment has its own purpose (function): kitchen, bedroom, living room, dining room, children's room.
Hygiene is a set of qualities that are taken into account during construction: sound insulation, air exchange, heat-protective qualities, operation of sanitary and hygienic equipment.
Aesthetics - the arrangement of interior items in space, their relationship to each other, surface finishing, color and lighting design, shapes and nature of equipment, decorative furnishings, landscaping.
Interior composition is the special arrangement and relationship of its components: furniture, lamps, household equipment, functional areas.
Human needs, social traditions, fashion, construction conditions leave their mark on the interior.
Style is the language of architecture, design, composition, and like any other living language, it adopts languages individual words from other directions. Hence the intertwining of styles, their kinship. This requires knowledge of composition, architecture, taste, knowledge of building and finishing materials.
Teacher: List what interior styles you know?
Let's take a closer look at some of the styles.
Antiquity. Taken from the architecture of Ancient Greece and Rome. A feature of the style is the presence triumphal arches, columns, barrel vaults, sculptures. The interior is dominated by warm harmonious colors: white, olive, Ivory, different shades of brown.
Gothic. Borrowed from the Middle Ages (2nd half of the 12th-15th centuries). Features of the style are huge windows, multi-colored stained glass windows, and lighting effects. Giant openwork towers, emphasized verticality of all structural elements. This style is characterized by a variety of colors; cool shades predominate in it.
Baroque. The interior appears deliberately complicated, with rounded corners, many mirrors, gilded stucco, and painted ceilings. The style is characterized by pomp, grandeur, and scope. The facades are decorated with bas-reliefs and decorative elements. The color scheme is rich in gold, yellow, white, and all shades of warm tones.
Classicism. The main features are symmetry and simplicity. Smooth wall surface, limited clear volumes that do not hide structures. This style is characterized by beautiful geometric shapes, discreet decor, and expensive materials. The presence of natural colors.
Modern. It arose at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The style has a symbol - this is the sophisticated shape of a cyclamen flower. Open layout, different floor levels, large window openings. The walls of the room are colorful, often decorated with flat-relief plaster plastic. Furniture is decorated with stylized floral ornament. Functional zoning is being introduced. The shape of windows, doors, stairs is endlessly varied. Used frequently ceramic cladding, wrought iron, window and door floral stained glass. The colors are bright and saturated.
ART – Deco. A mixture of elements of Egyptian art, American, Indian exoticism and African primitive art. The standard of style is the stylish luxurious interiors of ocean liners and expensive hotels. Furniture is characterized by the use of decorative elements in the form of zigzags, circles, triangles, and suns. The color scheme uses saturated brown tones, ivory, all shades of gold.
Minimalism. Laconic forms, reducing them mainly to geometric shapes. The design cultivates open spaces, emphasizes the aesthetics of simplicity and precision, and all everyday elements are carefully hidden. Complete absence of decor, ornaments, clarity of composition. The restrained graphic range of walls and floors can be combined with bright interior items.
Country – from English Village. Characterized by naturalness and simplicity, lack of pretentiousness. The interior contains brick and wood, natural for country life. Cowboy motifs, checkered fabrics or small flowers, etc. are popular. The color scheme is restrained: shades of greenish, beige, and various brown tones can be combined with red and green inclusions.
High-tech. Called the style of rationalists, the interior in this style is always distinguished by austerity, laconic forms and a complete lack of decor. The role of the latter, in fact, is played by the material, that is, a high-tech product, which in itself is demonstrated as an achievement of design. High-tech is often called not so much a style as a level that defines the standard of the highest technology. The almost complete absence of decor here is compensated by the “working texture”: the play of light on the glass, the shine of chrome and metal surfaces, and the pattern of natural wood.
The colors are varied: ideally, “screaming tones.”
Color.
A person spends a third of his life in his apartment. Therefore, it is very important that the apartment meets certain hygiene requirements - it must be bright, warm and clean.
Modern research in the field of emotional perception of color provides the opportunity to regulate a person’s mood. Color becomes a means of influencing a person’s condition, evoking various feelings and emotions.
Scientists and interior designers have long learned to use these color features in their practice.
Consider the color wheel.
The color wheel is based on three colors: red, yellow, blue. Pure colors.
Red – warm, irritating, stimulates brain function, effective for melancholy and bad mood. Symbolizes the flow of vitality and attracts attention.
Yellow – activates the brain, is effective when perceived for a short amount of time in case of mental insufficiency, elevates mood. In some countries, the color of wealth creates a feeling of warmth and strengthens hope.
Blue – calms, lulls, relaxes muscles. Effective for insomnia, nervous and physical overload. Causes a feeling of coolness and relaxation.
Mixed colors.
Blue – antiseptic, relieves pain. However, if exposed for too long, it causes depression and fatigue.
Orange – stimulates the senses and slightly accelerates the pulse, but does not increase blood pressure, creates a feeling of well-being and joy, and increases appetite. Lying between red and yellow, it has characteristics of both colors.
Green – It has a calming effect on the nervous system and vision, reduces pain, relieves irritability, fatigue, lowers blood pressure, and eases migraines. Evokes associations with life, a feeling of connection with nature.
Violet (magenta) – has a beneficial effect on the heart, lungs and blood vessels, increases tissue endurance. It evokes a feeling of solemnity, poise, the color of wisdom and royalty.
Pink - has a powerful sedative (calming) effect. Relieves stress and has a beneficial effect on the nervous system.
These are chromatic colors, i.e. painted.
There are achromatic colors (uncolored). It's black, white and grey.
U different nations white and black colors evoke different associations. White color in the East it is the color of mourning, and black is the color of joy; in Europe it’s the other way around.
If you look closely at the color spectrum, you will notice the following feature: it is perceived as a cylindrical surface, in the middle part of which (red colors) the illusion of surface relief appears. The side parts of the spectrum are perceived deeper. Blue and purple colors create the illusion of increasing space, while embossed red colors create the illusion of decreasing space.
In interiors, cold tones should be used to expand the space of the room, and warm tones to narrow it. Blue colors can visually move the wall away if the rest of the walls are a different color.
You need to be careful when using black interior color. Individual inclusions in the form of stripes or spots in combination with white are quite acceptable and can even be very original.
Interior composition, zoning and decorative decoration depend on the individuality of the residents, their taste and originality.
Home lighting plays a big role.
The main lighting is general. For such lighting, lamps are placed in the center of the ceiling.
If it is necessary to illuminate some area, use local lighting.
For indoors small area apply combined lighting. (Combination of general and local lighting).
To emphasize any element of the interior, use expositional - emphasizing lighting.
To emphasize the aesthetic intent they use decorative lighting.
For orientation indoors at night, the lighting of the lamp is convenient - night light
To familiarize students with different types of lamps: sconces, floor lamps, fluorescent lamps, incandescent lamps.
Each house is a reflection of the owner’s temperament, and the interior is an imprint of his lifestyle.
Psychologists distinguish 4 types of temperament: (choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic), but insist that people often combine traits of all psychotypes, one of which is simply more pronounced at this stage.
Cholerics - energetic and active, they crave new experiences, their preferences can change quickly. Therefore, sometimes the style of their home is sometimes a paradoxical mixture of styles: colorful and restrained, refined and pretentious. The atmosphere of their home should help to “cool” this crazy temperament.
Sanguines They have an even, cheerful character, are active and are always busy with useful work. They are friendly and energetic.
They are recommended to have an interior in warm colors; “cool” colors may also suit them. There are no specific stylistic preferences. A warm, bright, cozy atmosphere is a typical and ideal place to live for sanguine people.
Phlegmatic people calm and unperturbed, their confidence is based on knowledge and calculations. They speak mainly to the point; before acting, they weigh the pros and cons. Balanced, speech is calm and unemotional. This type needs a calm, quiet, and most importantly “personal” home.
Warmth and comfort for the inhabitants of the “nest” are one of the most important qualities of apartments. Respecting traditions, they are reluctant to part with long-familiar objects. The furniture is round and upholstered. Wood is very appropriate, especially solid wood products. The interior is dominated by warm pastel shades. Modern flashy design is not for them; they prefer comfortable chairs and lamps with the ability to gradually change the brightness of the light.
The type of interior is “castle”. The main thing here is representativeness and luxury. They prefer bright rooms with large, wide windows. Preference is given to rich colors and unusual contrasts, large-sized, massive furniture and solid, durable materials: metal, glass, stone.
Interior type – “ shelter” The premises are often divided into functional areas. Furniture with clear geometric shapes. Cool colors without halftones, as well as black, white, gray, and silver are appropriate in the interior. Extensive metal surfaces are acceptable, but matte and completely devoid of shine.
Melancholic people characterized by slowness of movements, restraint of motor skills and speech, fatigue. The style preferences of melancholic people can be very diverse: from classical-style interiors to high-tech hi-tech. The color scheme of furniture and the entire interior is preferably light: various, non-irritating shades of yellow from pale yellow and sand color to amber yellow and light terracotta.
The curtains are light and bright. The walls can be decorated with his own “painting” or photographs he likes.
Consolidation of the studied material.
Questions for consolidation:
- What is the interior?
- What is interior composition?
- How can you create an individual interior look?
- List the types of lighting fixtures?
Practical work.
The teacher divides the students into four groups. Students make drawings and sketches: living room, children's room, kitchen. Based on the work done, it is possible to determine the child’s psychotype based on color preferences in the interior.
Summarizing.
Demonstration of drawings and sketches of various rooms; their presentation (self-analysis) by students; choice best works; assessment.
Draw a conclusion:
- Why do you need to take into account compositional and other interior features of your home?
- How do these qualities affect the mood and health of residents?
Analyze the features of your home from the positions discussed in the lesson.
Appendix 2. (Having closed the column with dates, invite the children to fill out the empty column on their own. After the work is completed, invite the children to check their work themselves and give grades.)
Homework.
- Learn the basic concepts on the topic of the lesson, which are written down in your notebook.
- By using computer program Power Point create the interior of a children's room in accordance with the child's color preferences.
