Novosibirsk (redevelopment options, layouts). Typical series of residential buildings in Novosibirsk (redevelopment options, layouts) Brezhnevka series 1 335a layout

Polina Dedyukhova

Series 1-335 with an incomplete frame is a residential building of 5 floors with longitudinal load-bearing walls. The structures were manufactured at prefabricated reinforced concrete factories of the USSR Ministry of Transport. Designs of the 335th series were produced at DSK from 1960 to 1968.

The series is widespread throughout the former USSR. The first house in this series was built in Cherepovets. In Moscow, the 335 series was built from imported structures; in block buildings it is found in the form of separate inclusions.

The largest number of houses in this series were built in St. Petersburg, where they were produced by Polyustrovsky DSK - 289 buildings, a total of 1,442 sections in the Krasnogvardeisky and Kalininsky districts of the city. In Omsk, 170 houses of the I-335PK series with an incomplete frame are in operation (more than 2% of the total volume of this series in the country). The most popular series residential buildings In Kazakhstan.

In Tula, it was initially decided to build houses of a registered series; the builders encountered a number of technological difficulties. Therefore, it was decided to introduce our own panels for construction, and thus the 1-335AT (Tula) series was born. Panels for it were produced at two factories - Aleksinsky Concrete Products and ZKD (Large Parts Plant). The first district where these houses began to be built was Proletarsky.

The appearance of 1-335 is characterized by wide apartment windows (double-hung ones look square), elongated windows on the staircases, almost the entire height of the panel. The end walls consist of 4 panels with windows on the outermost ones. Usually there is an external fire escape at one end of the house. For houses built in Moscow, a 4-pitched iron roof is typical. In another modification, including the one built by Polyustrovsky DSK (it is also found in the Moscow region), there may be a flat roof without an attic at all.

Load-bearing walls are longitudinal (as indicated by the I in the title of the series). The number of sections in the original modification is 3,4,5,6,8,10. There are 4 apartments on the site. Apartments are 1,2,3-room, ceiling height - 2.55 m. Central room in a 3-room apartment there is a walk-through. Combined bathroom. Water and heat supply is centralized. There is no elevator or garbage chute.

Specifications for Series 1-335 Partial Frame

In support of the thesis that in frame-panel buildings it does not matter what parts and elements the frame is made from, and the standard durability will be determined by the fastening unit itself horizontal structures to the fence, consider an example with a large-panel building of the 1-335 series with an incomplete frame. By appearance it belongs to the industrial series with a durability of 150 years. However, the very design of such residential buildings, built since the early 60s of the last century, and most importantly, the qualities demonstrated during long-term operation, make it possible to classify such structures into the “Frame-panel” capital group.

Appearance of the 1-335 series with partial frame	Plan of a typical end section with latitudinal orientation
Plan and section series 1-335 with partial frame	Plan of an ordinary typical section with latitudinal orientation

During the implementation of complex development in the 60s of the last century, these buildings were erected as a frame for the residential area being built up, they were also placed inside the microdistrict, but in place of the high-rise dominant - future 9-story buildings with elevators and garbage chutes, the mass commissioning of which started in 1968.

In the 60s of the last century, during the Cold War, there was a state housing program, during which everyone locality, in addition to the mobile resettlement fund, had a set of structures for large-panel housing assembled using the frame-panel type.

It was believed that five-story structures used during mass development would be in use for no more than 15 years. Then they had to be dismantled and reinstalled in another place with a reduction in the number of storeys - as three-story buildings.

After 10 years of operation they had to be transported to countryside and assembled in the form of two-apartment one-story and two-story cottages with a durability of 150 years.

In order to facilitate installation and disassembly, columns were not installed on the outer longitudinal walls in these houses. A number of columns for supporting the crossbar of the floor slabs ran only along the internal longitudinal wall.

Thus, the crossbars, resting on the columns of the inner row with one end (highlighted in red in the figure), rested directly on the fence panel with the other end.

This needs to be sorted out. Why does the frame-panel system in Russia (where the heating season is on average 9 months) have such low standard durability, regardless of the fact that in this case assembled from fully assembled durable elements designed for three cycles of installation and dismantling.

As we know, heat in a room rises. Thermal engineering calculation comes down to determining the thickness of the fence behind the end of the floor structures.

In this case, two-layer panels 150 mm thick were used as enclosing structures. What didn’t meet the requirements thermotechnical calculation. Knot "crossbar - outer panel fences" was constantly frozen. The calculation was that over the planned durability, the physical wear of the fencing panels during the “freezing-thawing” cycles would not exceed the permissible repairable level.

However, in practice it happened differently. The changed policy did not allow the planned operation of these unique “prefabricated” structures to continue. At a construction site, where the Soviet-era estimates included articles “Temporary buildings and structures,” which included buildings up to three floors, it is customary to say: “There is nothing more permanent than something temporary.”

Of course, the original idea of ​​housing resettlement in 15-10 years was in itself utopian, given that the main instrument of housing policy was buildings with a standard durability of 150 years.

As a result, structures with a durability of 30 years, which should have been dismantled and reassembled back in the mid-70s of the last century, still stand among the structures with normal durability, not differing in any way from them in appearance.

There are 46 such houses in Izhevsk, they stand right among similar houses, where columns are placed on the outer walls, so their standard durability is far from exhausted, and the building itself has a normal microclimate.

Today, residential large-panel buildings with incomplete frames pose a huge threat to residents.

All these structures were already in a pre-emergency condition by the end of the 80s. The destruction of these buildings can occur at any time according to an unpredictable scenario - due to the brittle destruction of metal embedded parts that have significantly corroded over the period of operation. This kind of building was supposed to be reconstructed primarily in the mid-80s of the last century.

At present, they have not yet been reconstructed, although all permissible deadlines have been missed. At the same time, the authorities are deliberately demolishing not these houses, but similar ones that have regulatory period 150 years old, but located in places more attractive for modern development.

Based on the results of external inspections carried out back in Soviet time, the standard durability indicators for horizontal protruding elements were significantly reduced - up to 25 years. These are canopies, balconies and loggias.

In the first mass series it was used metal fencing at protruding elements. Practice has shown that in the process of heat exchange it is precisely at the contact with the “cold bridges”, which will be all metal constructions, the main concentration of freezing condensing moisture occurs. When freezing, condensate droplets expand, forming shells and cavities. After 10-15 heating seasons irreversible destruction occurs.

Without taking this data into account, today attempts are being made to strengthen protruding reinforced concrete elements using metal parts and reinforcement structures.

Main advantages of the 1-335 series

Minimum number of carriers internal elements, which allows the principle of “flexible planning” to be implemented;

High technological effectiveness of manufacturing and installation of structures;

Design of a technical underground, which allowed housing to be put into operation rhythmically throughout the year in the northern regions of the country.

General information about houses of series 1-335

Description load-bearing structures series 1-335

Disadvantages of the 1-335 series

Insufficient rigidity of the assembly of the balcony slab in the wall panel, floor slabs;


Incorrect arrangement of layers in a two-layer wall panel;


Unreliable waterproofing of the seams of the wall panels, as a result of which leakage of the seams was confirmed by inspection;


Inconsistency of space-planning and design solutions of apartments with modern requirements.

IN currently These structures can no longer be dismantled and require urgent reconstruction measures to strengthen the entire building as a whole:

External frame devices with unfastening of the crossbar support unit to strengthen and unload the existing building frame;


Cutting worn balcony slabs;


Expansion of openings in external wall panels, sealing of vertical and horizontal platform joints in them;


Replacement of floors, window frames, door frames.

In addition, the planned reconstruction of entrance groups with the construction of ramps for children's and wheelchairs, installation of attached passenger elevators and garbage chutes.

During the reconstruction work, all residents would receive significant benefits, except for those living on the first floors. For them, back in Soviet times, special reconstruction projects were developed with the construction of separate entrance groups.

It is easy to notice that the installation of attached entrance groups with elevators and garbage chutes, attached loggias along the contour of the building - expands the building, allows you to unfasten the frozen joint of the crossbar to the fence.

This solution allows not only to strengthen an incomplete frame, but also to create new thermally efficient enclosing structures, dry and repair old fencing structures, and restore a normal microclimate in the building.

Redevelopment projects of the 1-335 series with an incomplete frame during reconstruction with the installation of attached entrance groups with elevators and garbage chutes and attached loggias

There are various solutions that involve partial dismantling of the fencing panels and the installation of attached structures that expand the body of the structure along the entire longitudinal contour. There are more economical options, where only attached entrance groups and attached loggias reinforcing the incomplete frame of the building from the outside.

When expanding the building, problems arise with insulation of the premises due to the low floor height of the first mass series. However, this issue is resolved by constructing two-level apartments with a hall that has a “second light.”

Reconstruction project for a microdistrict of large-block houses development in 1964 in Izhevsk with significant densification of buildings by connecting three residential buildings in the most worn-out end part - into a single residential ensemble with two-level apartments

The current approaches to the reconstruction of large-panel buildings with external insulation have not yielded positive changes. In buildings, there was an increased growth of black mold in the upper corners of residential premises, that is, the process of freezing and destruction of structures did not slow down, but intensified.

Attempts to strengthen the angle of support of the crossbar on the outer panel of the fence from the inside, with similarity device internal frame- also did not give results. In Soviet times, there were attempts to strengthen these nodes with the help of logs installed in the corners.

Internal frame without own foundation, resting on floor slabs, only cosmetically solves the problem of frostbite, provided that it is upholstered with sheets of plasterboard. It should be taken into account that the majority of the examined crossbars had an unacceptable deflection back in the 80s.

In semi-frame structures of the series 1-335 During the installation of attached loggias, it was planned to install a fastening unit for the head of the crossbar to transfer the load from worn units to outer frame along the perimeter of the entire structure. Due to the fact that the reconstruction measures planned for the late 80s were not carried out, currently, during the reconstruction activities, the balcony slabs and canopies must be dismantled.

The installation of heated loggias had to perform the following functions:

— creation of an additional thermal protection belt before repairing and sealing panel joints;
— improvement of insolation interior spaces due to tripartite natural light;
— increasing the comfort of living quarters;
— creation of a rigid outer frame around the entire perimeter of the building.

All these activities must be carried out in short terms With complete resettlement of residents on a permanent or temporary basis. Their implementation would help reduce social tension in society and solve the housing problem in an economical way beneficial for all participants in the reconstruction process.

Standard projects of the 1-335-C series were part of the existing ones from 1959 to 1971 and were used during the development of Irkutsk from 1960 to 1969.

Projects of the 1-335C series were developed for seismicity conditions of 7 and 8 points

Structural diagram– incomplete frame with load-bearing external walls, columns along the middle longitudinal axis, panels stairwells and transverse diaphragms. Horizontal seismic loads in the transverse direction are perceived by internal transverse load-bearing walls and external end panels, and in the longitudinal direction - by external wall panels.

Foundations. Under the columns of the central row - reinforced concrete columnar, under the load-bearing walls - reinforced concrete strip.

Incomplete frame formed by columns along the middle longitudinal axis and purlins resting on external longitudinal walls and columns. The column spacing is 2.6 and 3.2 m.

The cross-sectional dimensions of the columns are 200×400 mm. Reinforced concrete purlins with a length of 5900 mm and section size b×h= 200×350 mm, laid along the transverse axes of the building.

Exterior walls buildings are single-layer panel buildings with a thickness of 400 or 350 mm, made of non-autoclave-cured aerated ash concrete, and bear loads from their own weight and from the floors.

Cross panels internal load-bearing walls with a thickness of 280 mm are designed from heavy concrete.

Floors. Prefabricated reinforced concrete floors made of flat panels of room size, thickness 100 and 110 mm. The floor panels are supported along their long sides by purlins and transverse load-bearing walls.

Stairs –

Main defects: low heat transfer resistance of walls and attic floors, no anti-corrosion protection of reinforcement products in wall panels.

Major damage observed mainly in external wall panels : corrosion of reinforcing mesh and frames, peeling of the textured layer, delamination of panels along the reinforcing mesh, destruction of concrete above and below the windows and along anti-seismic seams, breakdown of the joints of external wall panels.

3.7. Large-panel buildings series 1-335AC and 1-335KS

Standard designs of 5-storey frame-panel residential buildings of the 1-335AS series were developed by LenZNIIEP for seismicity conditions of 8 points.

Supporting frame. Houses of the 1-335AC series have a full reinforced concrete frame, the transverse frames of which alternate with internal load-bearing walls. External wall panels are self-supporting.

Vertical loads from the floors and roof are carried by transverse frames and walls, and the walls of staircases.

The spatial rigidity of the building is ensured by the joint work of the transverse frame frames, stiffening diaphragms, external wall panels and staircases, united by floor disks that are rigid in their plane. Longitudinal diaphragms are installed near the walls of staircases.

Foundations. A typical project of the 1-335AC series provides for the use of two types of foundations - strip foundations for external and internal transverse load-bearing walls and stiffening diaphragms, as well as columnar foundations for frame columns.

IN strip foundations Monolithic reinforced concrete columnar foundations are built under the outer walls where the columns are installed.

The basement walls are made of FBS24.4.6 foundation blocks and 1.0 m high plinth panels.

Frame. The transverse frames are formed by prefabricated reinforced concrete columns and runs. The column spacing is 2.6 and 3.2 m.

Purlins with a length of 5800 mm and section size b×h= 200×350 mm, laid on columns in the transverse direction. Design grade of concrete M300.

Reinforced concrete columns are designed to be one floor high. The columns of the middle row have section dimensions of 200×400 mm, the outer rows – 200×200 mm. Design grade of concrete M300.

The joints of columns with purlins are platform joints on steel embedded parts.

Transverse The walls are load-bearing, made in the form of prefabricated reinforced concrete panels 140 mm thick.

Floors. The interfloor and attic floors are made of room-sized prefabricated reinforced concrete panels with dimensions of 5770×3170×110 and 5770×2580×100 mm. Design grade of concrete M300. Structurally, the panels are supported along the long sides by purlins and transverse load-bearing walls.

Walling.

The external walls of the building are self-supporting, made of prefabricated reinforced concrete panels.

Wall panels nominal sizes 3185×2690 and 2585×2690 mm – single-layer, 350 mm thick, made of non-autoclave cured aerated ash concrete. Design grade of aerated ash concrete M50, volumetric weight 1000-1200 kg/m 3.

Interior partitions– plaster with a nominal thickness of 80 mm, inter-apartment– double.

Stairs two marches, composed of prefabricated reinforced concrete marches and platforms.

Roof– hip attic with a wooden rafter system and a covering of wavy asbestos cement sheets(slate), external drainage, organized or not.

Main defects and damage correspond to the list for buildings of the 1-335С series.

Since 1957, after the adoption of a law that provided for the elimination of excesses in the design of houses, buildings of a new type began to be erected in the USSR. Popularly, such houses were called “Khrushchev” (derived from the surname Secretary General Central Committee of the CPSU N.S. Khrushchev). Such houses received a second name - Khrushchev, mainly due to the inconvenient and disproportionate layout of the rooms, narrow corridors and spans of platforms, thin walls and as a result - terrible sound insulation. In this article we will talk about what the typical series of Khrushchev buildings are, and we will try to highlight the main pros and cons of these buildings. We will provide the planning features in the form of descriptions and photos.

Typical series of Khrushchev buildings: the main pros and cons of houses

Let's look at the main characteristics of the apartments and determine the features of each series of Khrushchev buildings that were built over the course of 27 years. It is worth noting that initially the Khrushchev buildings were intended to be used as temporary housing and the operational life of the building ranged from 25 to 50 years. But, as you know, people still live in such houses in our time. The disadvantages of Khrushchev-era apartments include poor sound insulation and thermal insulation (it’s cool in winter, and too hot in the apartment in summer), and not always a good layout of the apartment and entrance: narrow corridors, small kitchen, lack of garbage chute and very often an elevator. The main advantages of such houses include their low cost.

The main advantages of such houses include the low cost of housing and developed infrastructure around the building. As a rule, not far from Khrushchev buildings there are kindergartens, schools, shops and excellent transport links. If you don’t have enough money to buy an apartment, then this is not the worst option. Moreover, such buildings in Moscow and other cities of Russia are subject to demolition, in which case the owners receive brand new housing, or reconstruction and redevelopment.

Series 1-464 (1960 – 1967)

General drawing:

One of the most popular series of Khrushchev buildings in the USSR was 1-464 (1960 - 1967). This panel house with 5 floors, it is rare to find 3 and 4 floor buildings. All apartments have balconies (also additional storage rooms), but there are no elevators and residents of the building have to go up and down the stairs, which is quite difficult for elderly people and families with small children. The bathrooms in the apartments are combined, there is no common garbage chute in the entrance, and the number of apartments on the site is 4. The height of the ceilings in the apartments is 2.5 m2, the kitchens are less than 6 m2, to be more precise - 5.8 m2. Apartments 1, 2 and 3 rooms.

Picture – drawing:

1 room:

2 room:

3 room:

Series 1-335 (1963 – 1967)

From 1963 to 1967 The territory was built up with houses of the 1-335 series. These are also panel buildings, with a ceiling height of 2.54 m, balconies in each apartment, shared bathrooms, and the absence of an elevator and garbage chute. The kitchen area is slightly larger than in the previous series - 6.2 m2, the ceiling area is 2.5 m. There are four apartments on the site - from 1 to 3 rooms. In addition to balconies, the apartments have additional storage rooms and built-in wardrobes.

1 room:

2 room:

Series 1-434 (1958 – 1964)

This series was built from 1958 to 1964; in different years of construction, the layout of the apartments was slightly modified. For example, in buildings built in 1958 one-room apartments The area of ​​the living room was 18.6 m2, and in 1959 it decreased to 18.2 m2, in 1969 the area of ​​the room was 17.7 m2. And so in all types of apartments, the area of ​​residential premises varied in the direction of decrease and increase. But the kitchen area remained unchanged - 5.8 m2, as well as the ceiling height - 2.5 m. The houses are brick, with combined bathrooms, and each apartment has a balcony, pantry and built-in wardrobes.

Pictures – drawing (by year)

1 room 1958

1 room 1959

1 room 1960

1 room 1961

1 room 1964

2 room 1958

2 room 1959

2 room 1960

2 room 1964

Series 1-335 is one of the first all-Union panel series. Houses in this series were built in many cities of the country: Moscow, Leningrad, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Omsk Volgograd, Cherepovets, Ulyanovsk.

This series was built from 1958 to 1966. Despite the fact that the total number of these buildings is small (about 500), it is considered one of the most common among Khrushchev buildings. The overwhelming majority of houses of the 1-335 series were built in St. Petersburg - 289 buildings.

About 70 houses were built in Moscow, mainly in the areas: Perovo, Sokolinaya Gora, Babushkinsky, Degunino, Kuntsevo, as well as 1-2 buildings in a number of other areas.

In the cities of the Moscow region, houses of this series were built in single quantities, most of them in the cities of Shcherbinka and Podolsk.

This type of Khrushchev apartment building can be recognized by its large, almost full-panel square windows and high elongated windows on staircases. And also at the ends of four panels with two rows of windows. There are options lined with small square tiles.

The cost of construction of 1 m² of living space for houses of the 1-335 series was a record low and amounted to 95 rubles. in 1961 prices. This is the lowest figure in the entire history of industrial housing construction in the USSR.

"" series I-335 are almost everywhere in a pre-emergency condition. The reliability of the design scheme is almost exhausted.

Demolition of houses of the 1-335 series has been carried out in Moscow since the late 1990s. selectively (formally, the series is not included in the list of demolitions due to the fact that it is not among the most widespread series of Khrushchev buildings in Moscow). According to experts, the demolition of all houses of the 1-335 series in Moscow will be completed in 2015-2017.
In St. Petersburg, houses of this series are mainly undergoing major repairs (rehabilitation), some blocks are planned for demolition

According to a number of experts, the five-story buildings of project 1-335 are recognized as the most unsuccessful series of buildings of the Khrushchev era.

Detailed characteristics of the series

Viktorov D.A.,Safronova S.V., Khreshchik V.V.(BGITA, Bryansk, RF)

The development of the construction of houses of the 1-335 series from the development and experimental construction until their construction is completed. The advantages and disadvantages of various modifications of this series are determined. The main directions for increasing the level of operation of the buildings under consideration are given.

1-335 is the most common series of panel 5-story residential buildings throughout the former USSR, which appeared along with houses of the K-7, II-32, II-35, 1MG-300, 1-464, 1-468 series in 1959 . The first house of this series 1-335 was built in Cherepovets Vologda region. The largest number of houses in this series were built in St. Petersburg, where they were produced by the Polyustrovsky House-Building Plant (DSK).

Initially, the 1-335 series was an incomplete frame, consisting of one row of columns located along the longitudinal axis in increments of 2.6 and 3.2 m and crossbars located across the building and supported on one side by columns, and on the other side by metal support consoles (“tables”). Room-sized floor slabs are laid on the crossbars, designed to be supported on two long sides.

External walls by constructive solution divided into two-layer and single-layer. The first had an outer layer in the form of a reinforced concrete ribbed slab 30-60 mm thick and an insulating layer of non-autoclaved foam concrete 260 mm thick, the surface of which was plastered. However, as practice in the operation of buildings has shown, the low mechanical strength of foam concrete, its weak adhesion and high hygroscopicity have led to the appearance of shrinkage cracks, peeling and destruction of panels. In places where the purlins rested on the external two-layer wall panels, cold bridges formed, which contributed to the corrosion of the metal embedded elements of the welded joint. In single-layer panels, made, as a rule, 350 mm thick from expanded clay concrete, no signs of corrosion of the embedded elements were observed. Most common ceramic tiles for cladding outer surface The wall panels were carpet tiles measuring 48x48x4 or less often 23x23x2 mm.

Internal walls these houses had no, with the exception of diaphragms of rigidity, which serve as panels of staircases and intersection walls, thanks to which the principle of “free planning” could be implemented. Also, the biggest advantage of the 1-335 series was its low cost (for example, in 1971, an apartment cost an average of 5,760 rubles with an average salary of 131 rubles 32 kopecks; thus, it would take 3 years 8 months to save for housing, which is 4.76 times less in terms of time than now).

But, despite all the advantages, the 1-335 series had a number of disadvantages. It was recognized as the most unsuccessful of all series of residential buildings developed under N.S. Khrushchev, since due to the complete lack of experience in the construction of prefabricated buildings, the level of manufacturing of structures and their installation on the construction site was very low. Also, the disadvantages of the first houses in this series included external walls with insufficient heat-insulating properties, combined bathrooms, narrow corridors without built-in wardrobes, walk-through and semi-pass-through rooms.

Figure 1 – Row latitudinal section of houses of series 1-335 (2-2-2-3)

With further improvement of the 1-335 series, standard projects large-panel residential buildings of the 1-335K series, developed by the Leningrad branch of the State Design Institute Gorstroyproekt (Leningrad GPI Gorstroyproekt) in 1961. The design difference of the 1-335K series was that instead of five prefabricated elements of the staircase, a spatial block was manufactured. This greatly simplified the installation of houses and made it possible to facilitate flight of stairs, which, after the introduction of the volumetric element of the staircase, was decided to be combined with only one platform, and not with two, as was the case in the 1-335 series.

With the approval of new building codes and regulations in 1963, the construction of residential buildings of more advanced series 1-464A, 1-464D, 1-468A, 1-468B, 1-468D, 1-510, 1605A, 1-515/9, 1 began -468A, 1-468D, 1-447, 1-511, 1-510, which included various modifications of the 1-335 series (1-335A, 1-335D, etc.).

Houses of the 1-335A series, developed by the Leningrad Zonal Research and Design Institute for Standard and Experimental Design of Residential and public buildings(LenzNIIEP), were built in the period from 1963-1967 and had improved architectural and planning solutions. In this modification, 2 more rows of columns were introduced along the longitudinal outer walls to support the crossbars. Thus, a frame-structural system was obtained in which the outer walls of the building became non-load-bearing, that is, any outer panel could be dismantled. Series 1-335A is solved with changes in the designs and sizes of the main assembly units and parts of standardized elements and an increase in the number of additional forms associated with the use of separate sanitary facilities, lightweight march and other design improvements.

Modification 1-335D is structurally similar to series 1-335A. The heat-insulating properties of the walls of these houses are higher, they are stronger, and they had better apartment layouts.

The next modification of the 1-335 series was the connection of blocks through reinforced concrete panels, used in the 1-335AT series, which, unlike 1-335A and 1-335D, had an incomplete frame.

The five-story block sections 1-335Tul were designed in addition to the houses of the 1-335AT series to expand the capabilities of the architect and differed from them only in the originality of the types of houses and architectural and planning solutions. They were used to assemble projects of representative houses and individual projects of houses of various lengths and volumetric-spatial solutions, depending on the conditions dictated by urban planning circumstances.

In 1969-1972, by order of the Novomoskovsk Chemical Plant, modification 1-335TulM was produced. In this series, the bindings were redesigned; instead of a combined roof, technical floor, and technical undergrounds were replaced with full-fledged basements, for which reinforced plinth panels with window openings were developed. But the main difference of the modified series was the presence of loggias. Two-sided orientation of two-room and three-room apartments and the presence of a wide panel spacing in living rooms made it possible to arrange loggias in an apartment with their orientation both towards one and the opposite facade and, accordingly, to obtain a greater number of options for facade solutions. If necessary (for example, when the house is located on a busy highway), all apartment loggias could be removed from the street facade and oriented towards the courtyard. The heads of the smoke ventilation ducts were installed no lower than 0.6 m from the top of the roof, since previous modifications did not provide the necessary exhaust.

The advantages of houses of the 1-335Tul and 1-335TulM series over 1-335AT are that they made it possible to completely move away from the system of free row building with uniformly arranged rows of identical standard houses and find a variety of spatial solutions to obtain large, spacious courtyards. This was possible thanks to the formation of residential areas of any length with vertical ledges, and the use of loggia inserts for making turns at right and obtuse angles. This system made it possible to increase the linear density of buildings and reduce the number of cold end walls, which, together with a reduction utility networks contributed economically advantageous option construction. During the construction of residential buildings from block sections of the 1-335TulM series, attached loggias were used, which were obtained by adding special prefabricated side walls to standard balcony slabs. And with paired and, especially, quadruple balconies, this solution required less material consumption than with single balconies of the 1-335AT series.

According to the given chronology, series 1-335 was mastered in Bryansk. The first house was erected in 1959. For houses of series 1-335 in Bryansk, single-layer expanded clay concrete panels were produced by the Bryansk plant large-panel housing construction(BZKD). During the installation of houses, metallization of through seams and joints was carried out using the spraying method. When sealing the joints of external wall panels, modern materials began to be used instead of hemp ship ropes.

Experience in the construction and operation of houses has revealed the following shortcomings, characteristic of all modifications of the 1-335 series:

Airborne noise insulation interfloor ceilings, inter-apartment and interior partitions low;

The weight of 1 m 2 of flooring is less than 2.2 kN, which does not satisfy the condition for sound insulation of impact noise;

Quality welds because of them long distance unsatisfactory;

The mortar most often breaks down and peels off precisely at the joint, since the adhesion surface between the mortar and the panels is small;

Water and cold air penetrate into premises through cracks in the seams that form due to deformations that are inevitable for a given house design;

Caulking does not provide the necessary waterproofness and frost-proofness of the seams;

The floor slabs are insufficiently supported by the smoke ventilation panels; Some floor slabs have excessive deflections.

The connection of the hinged external panels is unsuccessful.

Taken together, all these defects led to the fact that the construction of houses in this series was completely prohibited.

The physical deterioration of buildings from 1963-1970 is much less than that of houses of the first stage and, as a rule, barely exceeds 20%. Therefore, it was decided not to demolish the five-story buildings built after 1963, but to undergo reconstruction. Buildings of the “unbearable” series can be destroyed if they are in an unacceptable technical condition or they end up in a zone of mass demolition, where it is more economically profitable to build a modern multi-story residential building on the site of a still quite durable five-story building.

But it is possible to solve the housing problem in conditions of a shortage of territories and the completely acceptable physical condition of the existing housing stock, which does not meet social and demographic demands, as well as comfort standards, through its reconstruction. The increase in area is achieved by adding additional floors, increasing the size and number of summer rooms (balconies and loggias) and adding new volumes to the buildings being reconstructed. The addition of houses is the most effective method of expanded reproduction of the housing stock, since it does not require an increase land plot and allows you to sell all stocks bearing capacity vertical building structures. Residential buildings of all modifications of the 1-335 series are of great interest as superstructure objects, since they are similar to each other in the width of the building, its configuration in plan, the location of staircases and windows, and allow the use of unified structural and technological systems attic construction.

The Central Research and Design Institute of Residential and Public Buildings (TsNIIEP Dwellings) proposed five options for the renovation of residential buildings of the 1-335 series:

1 – redevelopment during major repairs;

2 – redevelopment within existing dimensions;

3 – redevelopment in existing dimensions with a superstructure;

4 – reconstruction with the addition of additional volumes;

5 – reconstruction with extension and superstructure.

Based on territorial programs of most subjects Russian Federation The subprogram “Reconstruction of residential buildings of the first mass series” of the state target program “Housing” was created. In Bryansk in 2001, project No. 08-011-02 “Reconstruction of large-panel residential buildings of the 1-335 series in the city of Bryansk” was developed, in which three main reconstruction options were developed at the feasibility study stage:

1 – consolidation of apartments;

2 – consolidation of apartments and addition of an attic floor;

3 – consolidation of apartments with widening of the building and extension of the attic.

In all three options, measures have been developed to increase thermal protection and overhaul the engineering equipment of existing floors while maintaining the same engineering and social infrastructure of residential areas. The cost of 1m 2 attic floor, according to calculations, was about 1.5 thousand rubles. The costs of major repairs and increasing the thermal protection of buildings as a whole amounted to 200% of the cost of the attic floor. Therefore, it is advisable to carry out the reconstruction from two sources of financing: investor funds for the construction of the attic floor, public utilities– for modernization work on floors 1-5.

Literature

1 1-335 (Series of houses) [Electronic resource] // Wikipedia [site] – URL: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-335 (access date: 2.11.10).

2 Episode 1-335 [Electronic resource] // USSR Forever!!! [website] – URL: http://www.ussr-forever.ru/prui/125-1-335-.html (access date: 2.11.10).

3 Banykin, B.N. Design and construction of large-panel houses. – M., 1963. – P. 45-51.

4 How much is housing? [Electronic resource] // Bullshit [site] – URL: http://mgsupgs.livejournal.com/144614.html (access date: 11/30/10).

5 Types and series of houses in Moscow [Electronic resource] // Fot.com [site] - URL: http://fot.com.ru/lofiversion/index.php/t18616-50.html (access date: 2.11.10 ).

6 This restless Shilin [Electronic resource] // Local history notes [site] – URL: http://stroyved.ru/2009/11/%c2%a0etot-bespokojnyj-shilin/ (access date: 11/30/10).

7 Past, present and future of five-story buildings [Text] // Ideas for your home - 2002. - No. 4.

8 Unified architectural and construction systems attic floors for the superstructure of reconstructed houses [Electronic resource] // Construction Library [site] http://www.zodchii.ws/books/info-609.html (access date: 01/28/11).

9 SP 35-114-2003. Reconstruction and adaptation of buildings for social service institutions for the elderly [Electronic resource]. Access from the information and reference system "Techexpert".

10 detailed information[Electronic resource] // Innovations for business [site] http://www.ideasandmoney.ru/Ntrr/Details/133223 (access date: 01/28/11).