The walls are made. External and internal walls and their elements. Lightweight and inexpensive frame house

Owning your own home is the dream of many people. This is understandable, because in comparison with an apartment, private ownership has many more advantages. Typically, houses are located in areas where there are many plants and trees, which have a positive effect on health. It is also worth noting the large area, as this is an important component of choosing housing. Before starting construction, you need to carefully prepare for it. Firstly, you should find out for what purpose the house is being built, and secondly, decide on the building materials. When selecting raw materials, you should think not only about its advantages, but also about its disadvantages. In addition, there are many other pitfalls, without studying which it is not recommended to start construction. You especially need to pay attention to the walls in the house. If you are not well versed in the intricacies of housing construction, you should seek advice from professionals.

Brick house

Above we talked about how important it is to determine the purpose of construction. Usually there are two types of them: dacha and for your own residence. This article will focus on the construction of houses for permanent residence. First of all, you should pay attention to such material as brick. Houses made from this raw material are resilient and can easily withstand various natural disasters. The appearance of the building does not suffer from this, brick houses very attractive. When it comes to price, there are small problems here, because the construction of a private property from this material will result in a fairly large sum.

The walls in the house are the basis of construction. Brick is used quite often as a raw material, but recently its popularity has decreased slightly. This is due to the high cost of the material, low moisture resistance, and the massiveness of the products. But the strength and load-bearing capacity of brick makes some homeowners choose this raw material. The material is equally suitable for the construction of multi-story high-rise buildings and for the construction of small country houses.

It is worth noting that brick is much inferior to other building materials in terms of energy efficiency. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to take extreme measures, namely increasing the massiveness and bulkiness of the house. What should it be in this case? To ensure a sufficient level of energy efficiency, a brick wall must be built at least 120 cm thick. It is clear that most people do not want to live in a bunker permanently, so this material is increasingly being used as a cladding material.

The types of walls in houses are distinguished by their diversity and versatility. There is no universal raw material; each person must choose for himself required material that will satisfy his needs.

Concrete blocks

As you know, a concrete wall is considered the most durable, and this fact must be taken into account when planning construction. Brick has recently been inferior in many respects to modern building materials. The main advantage of the blocks is their low price. In addition, the speed of building a house will increase significantly if you use modern blocks.

Therefore, it is not surprising that now most people choose such raw materials. Projects of houses made from blocks have gained good popularity, which is why the sale of such materials is growing from year to year. Let's talk in more detail about the different types of these raw materials, identifying all the advantages and disadvantages.

Foam and gas blocks

Why did we combine these two materials? The answer is simple - they have the same technical characteristics, the only difference is the internal structure of the raw materials. Foam blocks are made using concrete mortar, and adding special substances called foaming agents. This production allows us to increase the level of quality of the material, as well as provide energy efficiency. It is worth noting that the pores inside the raw material are closed, which allows foam blocks to deal with moisture perfectly.

Gas blocks, on the contrary, have small through channels inside, and this is done specifically to conduct moisture without problems. Among the advantages of this material are low cost, lightness and ease of use. Gas and foam blocks do not require complex finishing, which is also an advantage.

Walls in a private house made from this raw material will be fragile and not very strong. If we talk about gas blocks, they have high water permeability. In addition, such materials contain chemicals.

Expanded clay concrete blocks

In the context of this raw material, they often talk about cinder blocks. The latter can also be attributed to inexpensive materials, however, this is where their advantages end. A concrete wall made of cinder blocks is not as strong as it might seem at first glance. In addition, the raw materials have low sound insulation and moisture resistance. To prevent the walls from being blown through, additional insulation is necessary.

As for expanded clay concrete blocks, here for the same price you will get more quality material, which will also have high thermal conductivity. The block contains special gravel and cement mortar, so there is no need to worry about the strength of the material. Expanded clay concrete does not contain unnecessary chemical substances, and construction is proceeding quite quickly. If you choose between two options, it is recommended to choose expanded clay concrete.

Arbolit

Recently, projects of houses from blocks of the same have been created. of different nature. Since we decided to talk about all types of this building material, we should not lose sight of wood concrete. This raw material is made from cement mortar with the addition of wood chips. The result is light and warm block. You can safely erect a small building from wood concrete. Thanks to their excellent sound and heat insulation, they make excellent walls in the house.

However, like all other raw materials, wood concrete has significant drawbacks. The material strongly absorbs moisture, which can adversely affect the quality of the walls. To solve this problem, you need to buy insulating and moisture-repellent materials. In addition, it is distinguished by its unevenness, and during construction additional difficulties may arise in the form of wasting a large amount of concrete solution. It is also worth noting that it is now very difficult to find high-quality wood concrete on the market. Many additional substances are added to the material, and this is not good. The price of raw materials is quite average; 1 cubic meter can be purchased for 4 thousand rubles and more.

Shell rock

Of all the types of blocks discussed above, shell rock has the highest cost. In addition, there is not a lot of material, so it is quite difficult to find it. The raw materials are made from marine sedimentary masses, which additionally makes the material brittle. Obvious advantages include good sound absorption, thermal insulation, durability and environmental friendliness.

Shell rock is actually created by nature, and therefore it has a number of unique properties. For example, during the process of its formation, the material is saturated with sea salt, which, in turn, contains iodine. As a result, shell rock gives the house healing properties. Iodine is an excellent protection against radiation, hence the high cost of raw materials.

The disadvantages of the material are:

• if you plan to build a two-story house or higher, you will definitely need to strengthen the shell rock with the help of special belts;
• it is impossible to find two blocks of the same shape and size;
• low moisture resistance;
• The material is very fragile, so it must be handled and unloaded carefully.

Frame house

Frame house construction technology has emerged quite recently. This type of construction is especially popular in Scandinavian countries. However, in Russia recently they are increasingly talking about frame houses. Basically, the frame is made of wood, but in theory it can also be metal. Let us highlight the main advantages of this technology:

• walls in a frame house are easy and quick to erect;
• the materials are quite environmentally friendly;
• the building does not shrink over time;
• no need to spend money on a foundation.

In addition, this option wins in price. The cost of building a frame house is relatively low. In addition to the advantages of such private ownership, there are also disadvantages. Firstly, strength. The reliability of a frame house leaves much to be desired, which has a negative impact on the service life of the building. It is imperative that in such possession it is necessary to carry out ventilation system, since there is practically no air exchange there.

Wooden house. timber

To conclude the list of materials for building a house, it is worth mentioning wood. This raw material is not only the most popular, but also practical. Wooden buildings can be erected at any time of the year, regardless of the weather.

Nowadays you can build an excellent neat house from timber. The material looks very beautiful, which will save on internal and exterior decoration walls in the house. In addition, erecting a building is quite simple; no special equipment is required.

As for the advantages of timber as a raw material, here we can highlight:

• good level of sound insulation;
• strength of the building;
• positive properties of wood;
• no need to use decorative trim.

Speaking about the disadvantages, you need to immediately remember the specific properties of wood, manifested in susceptibility to insects and moisture. In addition, wood rots and cracks over time. So that it doesn't happen later unpleasant situations, must be treated with a special product. We must not forget about the fire hazard of wood. To prevent such cases, it should be treated with fire-fighting agents.

Many people are interested in what the height of the walls in the house should be. There is no clear answer to this question; everyone chooses individually. As for a house made of timber, it is worth noting that it does not shrink much, but the process itself will last for six months.

Log house

Classic. Another traditional Russian hut was made of logs. At the present stage, having the necessary amount of money, you can build a real masterpiece. The internal walls of the house, like the external ones, do not require additional finishing; they will already look aesthetically pleasing.

The material is one hundred percent environmentally friendly and natural, which has a positive effect on the ventilation aspect. In a short time, using raw materials from wood, you can build an excellent, comfortable building, and it is not at all necessary to spend a lot of money on it. IN winter period people living in such houses save on heating costs, since a building made of wood heats up quickly.

We talked about the disadvantages of wood above. Today, the market offers consumers two types of logs: rounded and chopped. In the first case, the raw material is a lumber product. The second option is more expensive, but is distinguished by its durability. The final choice in any case remains with the owner. If you don’t know which material is best suited in a particular case, seek help from professionals; at present there will definitely not be any problems with this.

How to insulate the outside walls of a house?

In the winter season, every owner thinks about heating. In order to prevent the house from blowing, it is necessary to insulate its walls from the outside. There are many ways and materials with which you can bring this idea to life. In this article we will look at the most popular and effective ones.

Polystyrene foam has moisture-resistant and insulating qualities, but is susceptible to negative influence sun rays. In addition, the material is quite fire hazardous. However, polystyrene foam is often used to insulate the walls from the outside, while organizing a ventilation system. In this case, this raw material will be very useful in winter.

Mineral wool is also often used for similar purposes. Advantages include fire resistance and excellent sound insulation. However, mineral wool is susceptible to moisture penetration and loss of insulating properties. In addition, there is a possibility of rodents.

How to insulate the outside walls of a house? In addition to the two options discussed above, there is one more: a material called polyurethane foam. It is a liquid insulation characterized by the absence of cracks and joints. The material is environmentally friendly, does not allow cold to pass through, and also has phenomenal frost resistance.

Hole in the wall

Sooner or later, in any house there comes a period of reconstruction when something needs to be changed. And in such cases it begins major renovation, where new openings are an integral part of it. The organization technology depends on what material you used to build the walls.

Before you begin, you need to apply markings. Making an opening in a wall is not an easy task, and it must be taken seriously. After drawing the lines, you should get down to business. If the walls are made of concrete, it is recommended to use a sledgehammer. In any case, don’t expect to finish everything quickly. It’s better to do it longer, but with better quality.

If the wall is built of brick, then problems may arise here. It is not difficult to disassemble the masonry, but if it is one or two bricks. To make an opening, you need the help of specialists.

Noise insulation

Today this question arises most acutely, because in cities the noise level is constantly increasing, and people are trying to hide from it. Soundproofing walls in a house looks like a mandatory procedure, without which it is impossible to live. It is worth noting that there are two main methods of reducing noise: upholstering the walls with a material that absorbs sound or sticking rolls that reflect it.

In order not to make a mistake with your choice, you need to understand the reasons for the need for sound insulation. For example, if your neighbors are disturbing you, but the sound of passing cars does not bother you, then it is not necessary to insulate the external walls.

When it comes to insulation material, the construction market offers several options to choose from. Plasterboard boards with porous materials have proven themselves to be quite good. Polyurethane boards and soundproofing membranes are also often used. To select a material in a specific situation, you should determine the cause of discomfort, as well as calculate the cost of raw materials, identify all the advantages and disadvantages.

Interior wall cladding

Let's look at the issue of wall decoration using an example wooden house. Before you start covering, you need to weigh the pros and cons. After all, this is not always useful. Finishing is justified only if it is necessary to hide unevenness or insulate the room.

How to cover the walls in the house? There are three main materials that are used more often than others and are distinguished by their reliability. We are talking about lining, drywall and plywood. The first option is the most expensive, but it is worth the money. The lining is wooden panels, having special grooves that connect to each other. Despite the price, lining is used very often in wooden houses. If you want to stand out, it is recommended to opt for a different option.

Drywall is considered the most universal material cladding among all the others. It has earned its popularity due to its low price, simple installation and reliability. Drywall is a material that has no visible flaws. At least you won’t remember them right away. These raw materials are freely available on the market. Due to its qualities, this material is very popular.

Plywood is the least acceptable option of all. This material itself is not very reliable, it allows air to pass through, but it is very inexpensive. In this case, it is better to overpay and choose the covering material that will look best in a particular case.

What is a load-bearing wall and how to define it?

Most people remodel after living in their home for several years. The walls in the house are the first to be changed. Before starting repairs, it is necessary to determine the load-bearing walls. You can do this yourself, but it is recommended to seek professional help. Define the right wall It’s possible, but you shouldn’t punch through the openings yourself.

First, it’s worth understanding what a load-bearing wall in a house is? This is the wall that takes on the load of the elements located above, including beams and slabs. Not all houses have such walls; sometimes you can find a column instead.

To avoid having to worry too much about your search, you can try finding a floor plan for your home. The constructive plan contains all the necessary information. It will clearly indicate which walls are load-bearing and which are not. If you can’t get a plan, then it is recommended to try to determine everything yourself.

Load-bearing walls can be found:

• by location facing landing and internal walls);
• by thickness;
• by supporting the beams.

Finally

To finally decide on the material for your home, you need to carefully study all the options. It is quite difficult to build an individual house for permanent residence; many people only dream about it. For some people, price is the deciding factor. However, in this case, it is better to overpay a little, but be confident in the strength and quality of the material.

The owner is recommended to involve all friends and relatives who are related to construction in the process of selecting materials for the future home. As a last resort, you can pay a little to a professional who will give valuable advice. And only later, when you found out different opinions, you have to decide for yourself.

K category: Walls

Building walls

Walls (vertical fences) can be load-bearing and when, in addition to their own gravity, they take the load from other parts of the building; self-supporting, if they bear the load only from the own gravity of the walls of all floors of the building; non-load-bearing (hinged), when they perceive their own weight only within one floor.

Rice. 1. Architectural and structural elements of walls: 1 - base; 2 - cordon; 3 - saidrnk; 4 - window sill; 5 - main cornice: 6 - corner pier; 7 - intermediate cornice; 8 - pier; 9 - jumper; 10 - window opening; 11 - pediment; /2 - cornice; 13 - doorway; 14 - pilaster; 15 - buttress; 16 - parapet; 17-edged wall; 18-niche; 19 - unfastening.

External walls, being the main structural and architectural elements of the building, form its facades: main, side, rear.

The walls must be strong, stable, have sufficient heat-insulating and sound-proofing properties, and be fire safe. In addition, the walls must be frost-resistant, moisture-resistant and bio-resistant, have a minimum weight and the lowest cost.

The walls are made of stone and wood. Stone walls can be made of bricks, stone blocks, lightweight concrete small stones, ceramic stones, large-sized elements (panels or large blocks).

A wall usually consists of a plinth, piers, openings, cornices, trims and other parts (Fig. 1).

The plinths of the walls are laid out of ordinary baked clay bricks.

To cover openings in brick walls, prefabricated reinforced concrete lintels are most common.

The cornices are made with a small extension (no more than 1/2 of the wall thickness) from the same brick as the wall masonry, with the gradual release of rows of masonry. When the projection is more than 300 mm, the cornice is made of reinforced concrete slabs.

Walls made of stone blocks. The nature of the masonry of walls made of stone blocks, lightweight concrete small stones and ceramic stones does not differ significantly from brickwork. Only the thickness of the walls and the system of dressing the stones change.

Wooden walls are divided into chopped logs, cobblestones, frames, and panel walls.

Log walls are made of logs (220-260 mm thick in the upper section), laid in horizontal rows with notches in the corners.

Cobblestone walls are made from horizontally laid wooden beams with a section of 180X180 or 150x150 mm.

Frame walls require less wood consumption and labor costs. Saving wood is achieved by the fact that the frame, which performs load-bearing functions, consists of racks or pillars, purlins, and, if necessary, braces that increase rigidity, and the fencing and thermal insulation is a filler made of various insulation materials(slag, sawdust, slag wool, etc.). Insulation with external and inside covered with boards.

Rice. 2. Lightweight brick wall with well masonry: 1 - transverse brick wall: 2 - external and internal longitudinal walls of 1/2 brick; 3 - insulation.

Rice. 3. Prefabricated reinforced concrete lintels: a - block lintels with a section of 65X120 mm (type B); b- lumber with a section of 140X120 mm (type B); c - slabs with a section of 65X580 mm (type BP); g - timber with a cross section of 220X120 mm (BU type).

Panel walls consist of enlarged parts - panels, prepared in factories. Construction comes down to installation and finishing only.

Walls made of large elements. The most economical and industrial are walls made of large elements - blocks and panels. They are installed using cranes.

Large blocks are made in factories from lightweight concrete (slag concrete, expanded clay concrete, cellular concrete, etc.).

The thickness of the block is taken equal to the thickness of the wall - 400, 500 and 600 mm.

The main structural scheme of buildings made of large blocks is a scheme with external and internal load-bearing walls. The spatial rigidity of these buildings is ensured by a system of transverse walls. The method of dividing a wall into separate blocks is called cutting; the most common is two-row cutting. There are wall blocks, lintel blocks, window sill blocks, and internal wall blocks.

The most vulnerable point in block (as well as in large-panel) construction are the joints. They require careful sealing with various materials (sealants, rubber or polymer gaskets, coating with a solution).

A large wall panel is an element compared to a large wall block larger area and smaller thickness. Figure 15 shows the most common type of panel and the pairing of the outer and inner panels.

Rice. 4. Some types of cornice designs: 1 - inlaid brick, with a small offset; b - from a reinforced concrete slab, with a large offset; c - from ceramic figured face stones (1-mauerlat; 2 - twist, 3 - pin, 4 - fence, 5 - roof, 6 - anchor).

Rice. 5. Wall made of single-layer expanded clay concrete panels: a - panel design; b - pairing outer panel from the inside; c - the same, internal to each other (1 - lifting loop, 2 - expansion joint, 3 - heating panel, 4 - effective insulation. 5 - finishing layer, b - decorative concrete, - steel connecting rods, 8 - embedded steel parts, 9 - panel of the internal wall, 10 - the same, external wall).

Wall panels arrive at the construction site almost completely finished, externally lined with ceramic or glass tiles, painted or prepared for painting.

IN housing construction In the USSR, the most common design schemes are those with load-bearing walls. In this case, cutting of external walls and panels of 1 or 2 rooms is used.

Panels of internal walls, partitions and ceilings are made the size of a room.

Wall panels made from lightweight concrete or reinforced concrete using effective insulation. They can be single-layer (made of lightweight concrete) or layered (made of reinforced concrete).

Balconies, bay windows, loggias. Elements of the walls are also balconies, consisting of a load-bearing slab and fencing; bay windows, which are part of the room protruding beyond the plane of the building facade; loggias-balconies built into the overall dimensions of the building.

So, the outlines of your house are already visibly outlined by the foundation, arranged for all load-bearing vertical structures(walls, columns, partitions).

New worries and troubles arise. First of all, about the walls of the house. You already know from the project what material, design, and dimensions they are supposed to be. But many things seem unclear.

The choice of materials and wall structures depends on the climatic conditions of the place, on the purpose and temperature and humidity conditions of the enclosed premises, the number of storeys of the building, the availability of local building materials and their technical and economic indicators, taking into account the transportation distance, on the appearance and architectural design of the facades of the house.

These designs can significantly reduce the weight of walls and improve their economic indicators, speed up construction.

Construction of house walls

Let's get acquainted with the basic requirements for load-bearing walls. The selected design of the walls of a residential building must have the same durability as the house as a whole, and perform two main functions: protecting from adverse effects external environment(rain, snow, wind, sun, overheating) and bearing to withstand the load (weight) transferred to them from overlying structures, equipment, furniture.

Depending on the location in the building, walls are of two types: external and internal. The latter also serve as partitions.

The external walls of a private house must have sufficient (according to relevant standards) heat-insulating qualities: design resistance heat transfer (frost resistance in winter, protection from overheating by the sun in summer), vapor permeability and air permeability, that is, they must provide the necessary temperature and humidity conditions in the premises at any time of the year.

Depending on the required degree of fire resistance of the house, the walls must have a flammability group and a fire resistance limit not lower than those established by fire safety standards. Both external and internal walls must have sufficient (according to relevant standards) soundproofing properties.

These and some other requirements that you need to pay attention to when choosing a project and coordinating designs different elements at home, are sometimes contradictory. It is necessary to select materials and designs that satisfy, if possible, everyone technical requirements and the most economical solutions.

According to their design, walls can be divided into solid, consisting of a homogeneous material, and solid, consisting of various materials. The former perform both enclosing and load-bearing functions, while the latter perform either load-bearing or enclosing functions.

Let us first consider the constructions stone walls, most often used in cottage construction from brick, concrete, ceramics, as well as from sandstone, limestone, and shell rock. In low-rise stone buildings, the dead weight of the walls together with the foundations is 50-70% of the total weight of the building, and the cost of the walls is up to 30% (with simple architectural details) of the cost of the entire building.

This shows how important it is to skillfully choose the type of walls, especially external ones.

Brick walls of a house

They are laid out from artificial stones nominal size 250x120x65 mm, excluding 3-5 mm tolerances. The bricks are laid with the long side (25 mm) along the facade (along the wall) and are called spoons, or the short side across the wall and are called pokes. The spaces between bricks filled with mortar are called seams.

The normal thickness of the horizontal seam (between rows) is 10 mm, vertical (between bricks) is 10 mm. Often builders use much thicker seams, which is extremely undesirable, because this reduces the heat-insulating qualities and strength of the wall and violates the modularity of dimensions.

In cottage construction, solid ordinary or red clay bricks are used, fired, with a volumetric weight of 1700-1900 kg/m3 and less expensive silicate or white bricks (volume weight - 1800-200 kg/m3). For ease of use, the weight of one (solid) brick is from 3.2 to 4 kg.

The thickness of homogeneous (solid) brick walls is always a multiple of half a brick. Taking into account the thickness of vertical joints of 10 mm, brick walls have a thickness of 120, 250, 380, 510, 640 mm or more.

It depends on the masonry system. In a two-row, spoon rows alternate with bonded rows, forming on the façade, as it were, two repeating chains of rows. In a multi-row system, three to five spoon rows alternate with one splice row.

The outer and inner parts of the walls are laid from whole bricks by a qualified mason, and the middle of the backfill (backfill) is filled with broken bricks and filled with liquid mortar. This method of laying is simpler than chain laying, so labor productivity is higher, and a larger volume of backfill reduces the cost.

Before laying, the brick must be wetted, for example by dipping it in a bucket of water. Otherwise, especially on hot days, water from the mortar will be absorbed into the bricks, poorly connecting them to each other, creating conditions for the destruction of the wall.

Some types of bricks, ceramic and lightweight concrete stones, small concrete blocks(solid or with vertical voids) are somewhat larger in size than ordinary bricks. For example, their height can be 88, 140, 188 mm.

When laying a wall of stones with slot-like voids, it is necessary to lay out the stones so that the slots are parallel to the wall, that is, perpendicular to the heat flow. The laying of walls made of natural stone, which is given a regular, larger than brick, shape (by sawing or chiseling), is carried out using a chain system, mainly for unheated buildings in areas where this stone is local building material.

Masonry is carried out on heavy volumetric weights of more than 1500 kg/m5), the so-called cold (cement-lime, sand) or light (slag), warm solutions. The thickness of the outer wall of cottages, which is determined by thermal calculations, in terms of strength is redundant. It is sometimes used only 15-20% of its bearing capacity. Therefore, in cottage houses, lighter, more efficient bricks and heterogeneous (layered or lightweight) systems are used. wall masonry, and also ceramic and lightweight concrete stones.

Masonry of sand-lime bricks, which have a smoother surface than clay bricks, is usually carried out without external plaster and with jointing. The same solution can be recommended for red brick masonry using special facing clay bricks.

Combination of red clay and silicate masonry white brick can provide an interesting artistic solution for facades. However, apply sand-lime brick in places exposed to increased moisture, such as cornices and plinths, should not be used. In rooms with wet processes (bathrooms, swimming pools), the masonry of walls and partitions should be solid, plastic-pressed clay bricks.

A common and economical design of external walls is the so-called well masonry, in which the wall is laid out from two independent walls half a brick thick (external, verst and internal), connected to each other by vertical brick bridges every 0.6-1.2 m, forming closed wells .

When laying wells, they are filled with insulation: slag, expanded clay, lightweight concrete with compaction. To prevent the insulation from sagging over time, the versts are connected by horizontal jumpers through stones made of slag concrete, foam concrete, and foam silicate.

The width of the thermal inserts is 40-50 mm less than the distance between the versts in order to form gaps that are filled with solution. Masonry made from solid brick, consisting of two walls with closed air gaps 40-70 mm wide.

At the same time, brick consumption is reduced by 10-15%; the outer wall consists of half-brick rows of trays, and the inner wall, depending on the required thermal protection, is 250 or 380 mm.

The walls are connected using the methods indicated above, and the outside is plastered to reduce air infiltration. When filling air cavities with mineral felt, the thermal efficiency of the wall increases by 30-40%.

To improve the thermal insulation qualities of walls, it is also possible to use thermal insulation boards(plasterboard, foam concrete, wood-shaving), installed on wooden (necessarily antiseptic) bars, mortar beacons and other methods from the inside.

For thermal insulation and airtightness, it is recommended to cover the inside of the slabs, facing the masonry, with aluminum foil, kraft paper, etc. In a similar way, the walls are lined from the inside with boards. The insulation can be attached to the wall directly on the mortar. The outer surfaces of walls that are insulated from the inside also need to be plastered.

Important Note. Internal load-bearing walls and load-bearing partitions (on which beams or floor slabs rest) should be laid out of solid clay or silicate bricks, with a minimum sufficient (!) wall thickness of 250 mm (sometimes 120 mm).

The cross-section of the pillars must be at least 380x380 mm. For heavy loads (check locally), load-bearing pillars and partitions should be reinforced with a wire mesh with a diameter of 3 mm through 3-5 rows of masonry in height. The partitions are laid out with a thickness of 120 mm and 65 mm (brick “on edge”).

When the length of such partitions is more than 1.5 m, they should also be reinforced in 3-5 rows. Load-bearing partitions can be constructed (except for rooms with wet processes) from lightweight concrete, gypsum concrete and other slabs usually 80 mm thick, from boards and other suitable for local conditions materials using appropriate finishing.

For facing facades, which is carried out simultaneously with the laying of walls, it is best to use facing ceramic bricks, which are somewhat more expensive than usual, but in appearance, texture, color and permissible deviations in size, is of the highest quality. In this case, there is no need for painting for three to four years.

The laying of external walls should begin from the corners of the building. From the outside mile. To better maintain the straightness of the walls and the evenness and horizontality of the rows of masonry, it is necessary to use a plumb line, a stretched cord-mooring and a vertical strip-order with markings on it for each row of brick and seam in height.

House wall elements

Basement is the lower part of the wall from ground level to floor level, at least 500 mm high, enclosing the underground space of the house. The base is subject to moisture from atmospheric and ground moisture, snow, and mechanical stress, so when constructing it, durable, water- and frost-resistant materials (stone, concrete, red iron ore brick) should be used.

The outer surfaces of the base can have different textures and finishes; smooth and embossed, including from a thick layer cement plaster with cutting into rustications imitating stone masonry, lined with natural stone, hard rock, ceramic tiles on cement mortar, the composition is one part cement to three parts sand.

At a level of about 150 mm above the adjacent blind area, a layer of anti-capillary horizontal waterproofing should be installed along the entire perimeter of the plinth, consisting of two layers of roofing felt, roofing felt or cement screed.

Lightweight plinth

The plinths of layered walls should be made of solid brickwork or other durable, frost- and moisture-resistant materials. A thin wall between the foundation pillars, under the lower part of the veranda wall, insulating the floor space, protecting from moisture, snow, etc. It is made of the same materials as the main wall, for example, one or half brick; is buried into the ground by 300-500 mm.

On clayey, heaving soils, a sand cushion 150-300 mm thick is placed under the fence. The cornice ends the top of the wall and is called the crowning one. It is designed to protect the wall from slanting rain, excessive heating from the sun, and also to drain water flowing from the roof. In addition, the cornice usually decorates buildings, giving the composition a finished look.

Therefore, its shape, height, reach and color are largely determined by the overall architectural design of the facade.

The cornices of simple-shaped stone walls can be laid out by gradually overlapping each row by no more than 1/3 of the length of the brick (80 mm). The total offset should not exceed half the wall thickness. If the cornice is large and has a complex configuration, with brackets, special prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs and beams should be used, cantilevered into the wall and secured with anchors.

Cornices are often used on the outlets of rafter legs or fillies; they are open and hemmed.

Undoubtedly, various architectural details, belts, intermediate and crown cornices introduced into the planar design of the facades can improve the aesthetic appearance of cottages. Lined with brick or other elements, such as concrete, but simple in design.

Smoke and ventilation ducts

for low-rise buildings, they are usually installed in internal walls 380 mm thick, lined with smooth red solid brick. The cross-section of these vertical channels for stoves is taken to be 140x270 mm, and for ventilation channels from kitchens, restrooms, and bathrooms - 140x140 mm.

Ventilation living rooms through the windows. Each stove (or fireplace) must have its own separate smoke channel. Internal surfaces For better traction, the channels should be clean and smooth, rubbed (it is important not to forget about this) with clay (not cement) mortar. Leveling and grouting of the walls is carried out with a clean wet rag when laying channels through five or six rows of bricks.

Smoke ducts from different furnaces in the attic are combined into chimneys that lead above the roof level. If a combustible structure is adjacent to the wall at the location of the smoke ducts, for example wooden beams ceiling, then in this place the walls of the chimneys (120 mm) are thickened to the height (thickness) of the ceiling fire regulations up to 380 mm.

Ventilation ducts (each room has its own duct) are also combined into ventilation pipes, which are discharged above the roof.

Walls of a house made of timber

They are traditional in the construction of low-rise buildings in Russia, have excellent sanitary and hygienic properties, have low fire resistance and fragility, and are susceptible to rotting.

A wooden frame, which requires a large amount of first-class timber, usually warps and becomes unusable after about 30-40 years. The construction of cottages with solid wooden walls is rare in modern practice. However, installing a second floor with wooden walls and a first brick floor gives good results.

Types of wooden walls: chopped logs, cobblestones, frame and panel walls, as well as frame-panel walls. Frame and panel walls are used in simple prefabricated houses and garden houses. Logged external walls residential buildings, constructed in the middle climatic zone, must be made of logs with a diameter of at least 220 mm, have a careful fit (the width of the longitudinal oval groove of the upper log into which the “hump” of the lower one is inserted is approximately 2/3 of the diameter of the log).

Therefore, an individual developer can buy and build such walls himself.

The thickness of the beams, depending on the climatic region, that is, on the winter design temperature, is taken for external walls to be 150 (t ~30 °C) or 180 mm (t -40 °C), for internal walls - 100 mm, with the height of the bars being the same for external ones and internal walls - 150 or 180 mm.

Between the crowns of the beams, a heat-insulating material, caulking made of tow or felt, is laid. For better drainage of water from the horizontal seam between the beams, a chamfer 20-30 mm wide is removed (planed) from the upper edge of each beam. Felt strips should be cut 20 mm narrower than the width of the beams.

To reduce conductivity between the beams, you can install grooves, ropes, and stuff triangular slats. For fastening crowns (beams) in height in advance drilled holes dowels and dowels are inserted. Connections (intersections) of external walls in corners and with internal walls are designed in a similar way.

Unlike log walls, block walls are assembled into a log house immediately on prepared foundations of the usual type.

To improve the protection of block walls from biological destruction of wood and from atmospheric influences, the walls can be sheathed on the outside with boards (diameter 25-40 mm) or facing bricks (diameter 88.12 mm). This will make the walls warmer, and when brick cladding and more fire resistant.

It is better to make plank cladding horizontal, which makes it easier to install the insulation. Fastening using wooden beams and metal clamps.

Sheathing and cladding of cobblestone and log walls should be done after they have completely settled, no earlier than 1-1.5 years after their construction.

Diversity architectural elements and details country houses has always been characteristic of buildings built at the beginning of the 20th century. So, you have now become more familiar with some basic provisions on constructive solutions walls Now you can professionally conduct conversations with builders, choosing certain wall design options.

The types and thickness of the walls of the house may be different, but in any case they must be strong, durable and provide the necessary thermal protection and sound insulation. You can learn about the types of walls and the choice of their thickness from this article.

Types of house walls

The main purpose of the external walls of a house is to protect premises from atmospheric factors and act as load-bearing structures.

Walls are classified according to their purpose:

• external;
• internal.

In addition, depending on the loads they experience, they can be:

• load-bearing structures on which floors or roof elements rest;
• non-load-bearing, which perform only a separating function.

The purpose of the walls also determines the features of their design.

Exterior walls They are almost always load-bearing; they are usually constructed of greater thickness, often multi-layered, using insulation.

Internal walls houses divide it into separate rooms and can sometimes be used as load-bearing ones. They are usually thinner, especially if they are not load-bearing. For them, sound insulation is more important than thermal insulation properties, which also determines the choice of appropriate building material.

Types of walls according to construction material

When choosing a building material for building a house, efficiency, comparative labor intensity and ease of construction are also important. Each building material from which the walls of the house will be built has its own advantages and disadvantages, so your choice must be based on the requirements that you place on your future home and, of course, based on your financial capabilities.

Based on the building material, the most common types of walls are:

• brick continuous or effective masonry;
• from lightweight concrete blocks(gas blocks, foam blocks);
• from ceramic blocks;
• from natural stones(from blocks of sawn shell rock or rubble stone - limestone, sandstone, granite, etc.);
• wooden;
• monolithic (concrete, expanded clay concrete or slag concrete);
• adobe(adobe);
• glass
• combined(from two or three materials in different combinations).

Brick walls

Brick walls are strong, durable and fire-resistant; they are not susceptible to insects and rot. They are usually chosen during construction big houses(with an area of ​​at least 100 m2), intended for year-round living.

A wide variety of bricks, both ordinary and shaped, make it possible to build structures of complex configurations from them, to implement a wide variety of architectural solutions And decorative elements.
The walls of a house built of brick, due to its fire resistance, can be quite safely adjacent to stoves and fireplaces. Inside brick walls, unlike walls made of many other materials, smoke and ventilation ducts can be laid.

The disadvantage of such walls is their relatively large weight, so they require a solid foundation. It is advisable to begin finishing them no earlier than a year after laying them - to give them the opportunity to “settle”. They have a fairly large heat capacity and thermal inertia - they retain heat for a long time and warm up for a long time (they keep cool in summer, warm in winter), but on the other hand, if the house has cooled down in winter, it will take a long time to heat it up.

Walls made of ceramic blocks

Due to their porous structure, ceramic blocks made of porous ceramics, in comparison with bricks, have advantages: lower volumetric weight and lower thermal conductivity coefficient. Volume weight ceramic blocks are approximately 2 times lower than bricks, and their thermal conductivity coefficient is approximately 1.6 times less. This material allows you to make the walls of the house lighter, warmer and reduce the load on the foundation. In addition, thanks to the porous structure of the ceramic block, the walls “breathe”.

Even comparatively thin wall made of ceramic block is not inferior in thermal properties to thicker brick and meets building regulations. Its thickness can be 35-54 cm, and this will fully comply with existing standards for thermal protection of buildings.

Walls made of ceramic blocks can be single-layer, two-layer or three-layer. Just like brick ones, they can be built with insulation (preferably external), followed by brick cladding or plaster.

The water absorption of porous ceramic blocks is usually on par with that of conventional bricks. Also, they are characterized by good sound insulation, are non-flammable, and are practically not susceptible to fungi and mold.

Ceramic blocks can also be used for the construction load-bearing walls(in houses no more than three floors high), and for internal partitions.

Wooden walls

Walls made of wood have been erected for centuries. Wood – traditional and ecologically the most safe material for the home: it “breathes”. Through the wooden walls indoors can circulate up to 30% of the air per day. In dry weather, they give up accumulated moisture, and in damp weather, on the contrary, they absorb its excess.

In addition, the resins and oils that wood contains unobtrusively fill the house with a pleasant aroma and have antiseptic properties.

Disadvantages of wooden walls:

• they are flammable, can be damaged by insects and pests, and can also be subject to rotting, and therefore require treatment with all kinds of impregnations (and this is “chemistry”) and structural protection from all these factors;
• before finishing begins, they must “settle” (especially from logs), and the settlement is up to 10%, which is significantly more than that of stone or frame (3-1%);
• their construction requires certain qualifications and experience.

If you do not have the skills to build wooden walls, then it is better to entrust it to professionals. If you decide to build wooden house on your own, then you need to hire at least one person as an assistant who has experience in such construction and the skills of a carpenter.

Frame walls

Construction of frame houses is one of the fastest and relatively inexpensive ways build your house. Frame walls are practically the lightest in comparison with other types. Their advantage is their resistance to deformation and the ability to withstand quite a large number of freeze-thaw cycles (virtually unlimited).

The costs of their construction, compared to other types, are minimal, and besides, interior and exterior decoration can begin immediately after construction, without waiting for the house to settle.

Cellular concrete walls

Walls made of cellular concrete (aerated concrete or foam concrete, etc.) are distinguished by increased thermal insulation, since all types of this material contain air in closed pores. They are 2.5-3 times warmer than those made of ceramic bricks of similar thickness and 3-3.5 times warmer than those made of silicate bricks. Enclosing structures made of this material are fireproof (do not burn at all) and have good sound insulation properties.

Blocks made of cellular concrete can be easily sawed (even with a regular hacksaw), planed and drilled. You can easily screw screws into them, hammer in nails or dowels (although you can just as easily pull them out). Thanks to this ease of processing, cellular concrete allows the production of walls of various configurations.

Also, in gas and foam blocks you can quickly cut grooves and channels for installing electrical wiring or pipes for heating or water supply, holes for sockets, switches, distribution boxes, etc.

Walls made of cellular concrete are resistant to insects and fungi, and their vapor permeability is even higher than that of wood.

In addition, it is worth mentioning an important fact in our time of crisis that a wall made of cellular concrete costs 2-3 times less than one made of brick, which has the same resistance to heat transfer. In addition, walls made of this material are built faster, since one such block can replace 15-20 bricks, and accordingly the laying time and the required amount of mortar are reduced.

Ready-made walls made of gas or foam concrete do not require additional alignment And special costs for finishing.

Disadvantages of cellular concrete:

• they can absorb moisture, especially aerated concrete;
• low bending strength - when the house settles, cracks may form on the walls.

For the construction of walls, the following types of cellular concrete are most often used: aerated concrete, foam concrete and gas silicate. They differ from each other in composition and manufacturing technology.

The non-autoclave method of producing foam concrete causes higher shrinkage during operation (2-3 mm/m) than that of aerated concrete produced by the autoclave method (0.3 mm/m).
It is more expedient to use foam concrete blocks for the construction of internal partitions and outbuildings (garages, sheds, etc.).

For load-bearing walls of residential buildings, it is better to choose autoclaved aerated concrete, as it has a higher load-bearing capacity.

Gas and foam concrete also differ in the nature of the surface. Foam concrete has a smooth surface and plaster does not adhere well to them - it is necessary to use plaster mesh or various primers.
Aerated concrete walls have a porous surface, since during production such blocks are not poured into molds, but are cut with special strings. The plaster fits perfectly on such a surface.

Expanded clay concrete walls

For expanded clay concrete, the starting material is expanded clay (foamed and fired clay), water and cement. Expanded clay has fairly high strength with low weight.
Walls made of expanded clay concrete, due to the peculiar structure of the material, have higher sound and heat insulation than conventional concrete, chemical resistance to the effects of aggressive environments, as well as low weight.

Disadvantages of expanded clay concrete:

• fragility compared to conventional concrete, which leads to a narrowing of the range of their use;
• relatively high surface porosity and, as a consequence, increased moisture absorption and the need for reliable waterproofing of such walls.

Walls made of monolithic expanded clay concrete are constructed in almost the same way as those made of slag concrete. This requires special collapsible formwork, which is usually made of wooden panels.

In addition, ready-made expanded clay concrete blocks are used for construction.

Walls made of natural stones

Limestone – shell rock

Walls made of shell rock used to be built mainly in the areas where it was mined, but nowadays they are also building from this building material in other places, the main thing is that delivery should not be too expensive.

Limestone - shell rock is a natural, environmentally friendly material that is used for laying walls in the form of blocks, which are cut out in the following sizes - 390x190x188, 490x240x188 and 390x190x288 mm or in the form of rubble stone from sawing waste.

Shell rock walls are erected one block thick (400-500 mm). The masonry is carried out in a two-row manner with alternating spoon and butt rows. When laying, sand-cement, lime or clay mortars are used. The laying of internal walls (not load-bearing) and partitions is carried out in half a block.

In addition, combined masonry is often made of shell rock and brick: the inner row is made of shell rock, and the outer row is made of brick (regular or facing) with insulation placed between them (mineral wool or polystyrene foam).

Rubble stone

Such walls are sometimes constructed during the construction of basement floors. Dense rocks are usually used for these purposes. natural stones: granite, sandstone, limestone (recrystallized), etc. In some cases, the entire walls of a house are built from rubble stone (for example, from waste from sawing shell rock).

Such walls are usually laid on cement or lime mortar(laying tiled limestone or shell rock waste) with dressing of seams, carefully selecting stones with or without jointing (for plaster).

Adobe walls

Walls made of adobe blocks have been built since time immemorial. Until recently, it was believed that such walls were a thing of the past. But due to the increasing interest in our time in the construction of ecological housing, interest in adobe is returning, especially since the building material is literally under your feet (you just have to put your hands on it).

To make adobe, clay or loam and even black soil are used, as well as organic additives - straw (translated from Turkic adobe actually means “straw”).

Walls made of adobe can be of several types:

• from rectangular blocks;
• from hand-molded adobe (usually oval);
• frame - adobe.

Walls made of rectangular adobe blocks

In the first case, adobe blocks are made using wooden rectangular shapes, dried, and if the required quantity is available, the laying of walls begins. As a masonry mortar, you can use a mixture of sand and the material from which the adobe blocks were made (clay, loam).

Walls made of hand-molded adobe

In the second case, adobes are formed by hand, usually of an oblong oval shape (loaf shape) and the walls are laid with fresh, not dried adobes. In this case, the laying of the wall is carried out in three stages, constructing a third of the wall at one time, followed by drying the laid mass. Laying with this method is most often performed not horizontally, but at an angle to each other in the form of “braids” or “spikelets”.
This is an ancient method of constructing adobe walls, which, nevertheless, was used in the construction of houses even in the 60s of the last century, and the constructed houses are successfully used today.
This method requires a large number of people to simultaneously produce a sufficient volume of adobes. Clay or loam is soaked in advance and mixed with fine straw or chaff. Subsequently, adobes were made by adding long straw to the clay (chernozem) prepared in this way and shaping them by hand.

Frame adobe walls

In the third case, it is first made wooden frame house, and after that the entire space between the frame elements is gradually filled with clay mixed with straw with a tamper, using wooden formwork. Such houses, built at the beginning of the last century, decorated with modern exterior decoration, are still in use today.

Adobe is a warm, environmentally friendly material. A house with adobe walls is always cool in hot weather and warm in winter. This type of wall is the most environmentally friendly.

Glass walls

The walls of a house that are entirely made of glass are quite rare. Although it may well be an option.

An example of this type could be a “showcase wall,” when one of the walls of the room is made in the form of continuous glazing, such as a window on the entire wall.

Another option could be a wall made of glass blocks, familiar from Soviet times and returning in our time in a new quality. Glass blocks are hollow glass blocks weighing from 2.5 to 4.3 kg, consisting of two compressed parts, each of which is made of thick glass (6-7 mm).

Thanks to the air inside the glass blocks, their walls have enough good warmth- and sound insulation.

The outer surface of glass blocks can be varied: corrugated and smooth, transparent and matte, as well as multi-colored. Typically glass blocks have a square or rectangular shape, but there may be others geometric shapes. and even round.

Glass blocks can withstand significant changes in outside air temperature. They are quite durable and quite difficult to break, and their sound insulation is at the level brick wall the same thickness.

Another option glass walls Designs made from bottles can serve. This is, of course, an unusual and very original building material - bottles cemented into blocks, but such walls and entire houses exist and function perfectly.

House wall thickness

The thickness of the walls depends on their design, material and calculated winter temperature - the average temperature of the coldest five-day period during the year. Their minimum thickness is accepted provided that the temperature in the living room will not be lower than +18 o C with normally operating heating.

The thickness of the internal walls must be at least 1/15 of the height of the wall from the waterproofing to the bottom of the floor beams.

To reduce the thickness of the walls and at the same time increase thermal protection, thermal insulation materials (insulation) are included in their design ( mineral wool, foam plastic and others). Moreover, they are located both inside and outside.

Laying the walls of a house requires certain skills, but anyone can master masonry with the necessary theoretical knowledge and some practical skills.

Video on the topic

Below you can watch a video about choosing materials for building a house.

Wall classification . It is important for the builder to know that walls- These are the vertical enclosing structures of the building. Depending on their purpose, they can be external or internal.
Classification of buildings by wall construction is currently very diverse.
Internal walls (mainly partitions) are designed to separate rooms (rooms of a residential building, cottage, apartment) from each other.
Exterior walls can be of simple or complex design.
Depending on working conditions walls are divided into load-bearing (self-supporting) and non-load-bearing (hanging, enclosing) building structures.
Load-bearing walls- This walls, which absorb loads from overlying floors and structures.
Self-supporting walls - these are walls that take their own weight, i.e. exterior walls both in residential and industrial frame buildings.
Boundary walls - This walls, which serve as protection from precipitation. Such walls are made of lightweight materials.
Curtain walls(hanging) are external panels that are used in some series of panel buildings. They are hung on the building frame and attached to the ceilings.

Panel walls of a residential building

Classification of walls of residential buildings . It is worth noting that depending on the materials from which the walls are made, they come in the following types: brick walls(mostly ceramic or silicate bricks), wooden walls (mainly pine is used),
concrete walls- from large, medium and small blocks (the building materials for which are: concrete, foam concrete, expanded clay concrete, wood concrete, slag concrete and aerated concrete),
panels(1-3 layers), reinforced concrete, sandwich panels - enclosing structures (profiled sheet - insulation - profiled sheet) and monolith.
It is noteworthy that during the construction of both residential buildings and industrial buildings important part wall designs are temperature-shrinkable seams.

Wall materials classification photo

Supporting structures of the building