What types of building materials are there for building a house? Innovative building materials. What to consider when choosing a material

Our own home is what each of us would like. In order to have our own home, we are ready to save money for many years, keep savings in the bank and work hard. A home is not only a place where we will live for a while, but also something that we will leave to our generation. After all, we do not build such a structure with the expectation of temporary residence, since we hope that the house will be well built, and several of our generations, children or even grandchildren, will live in it. What kind of memory we leave of ourselves depends only on us.

The construction of a house is influenced by many factors, such as: the amount of funds for construction, the location of the house, the climatic conditions of the region and much more. And when choosing a building material, one gets dizzy, because more and more new materials appear on the market, those that are more expensive and those that are cheaper, those that we know something about, and those that we may see for the first time. However, you must agree that when choosing a building material, you need to take into account not only its advantages, but also all its inherent disadvantages. Let's look at modern building materials for house walls.

Basic materials for building a house

Although no two houses are exactly alike, almost all of them are built from the same materials, such as stone or wood. However, all these materials are pre-treated, which gives them the necessary properties.

Let's take, for example, wood: laminated or simple beams, logs, carriages. At first glance, everything seems simple. However, it should be noted that such materials have very different characteristics. For example, a rounded log and timber are two completely different materials according to its characteristics. But this is not even all wooden materials.

If we talk about stone, then we are not talking about a wild stone, but about an artificially created one. This stone was created with all the necessary properties that are needed when building a house. Although there are indeed a lot of varieties of such stones, they can still be classified into three types:

1. Brick.
2. Blocks where cement is the binding component.
3. Blocks made from clay or lime.

The greatest variety of materials exists in the group of building blocks, the binding component of which is cement. Often, lightweight concrete is used in construction, which is distinguished by the brand of cement, heat-insulating components and filler composition.

Brick

Brick is one of the most common materials in residential construction. With this material you can not only build a house from scratch, but also complete additional structures. Why is brick so popular? Because such material is quite durable, not afraid of fungus, and frost-resistant. Compared to wooden building materials, brick does not rot. It is also not afraid of fire, ultraviolet rays and does not cause heavy precipitation. The brick represents durable material, which complies with all environmental standards. The strength of a house built of brick is explained not only by the quality of the material, but also by the method of laying, since the top row of bricks is laid on top of the bottom row. Thus, you will not see any continuous vertical seams on the wall.

Of course, learning how to do masonry with your own hands is not at all difficult. This can be done even by those who do not have much experience in construction work. However, such work will be easier to perform for a qualified specialist, since he knows many of the subtleties in performing such work. Another disadvantage of building a house from brick is that brick has a high heat transfer, which leads to the rapid cooling of the room, and it will take several days to warm up the house. In addition, you will not be able to complete all the construction work quickly enough, since brick is a heavy material, due to which you will have to wait for the house to completely shrink, that is, several months (although wood shrinks about a year). Well, perhaps one of the main disadvantages is that the price of bricks is quite high.

I would also like to talk about silicate and ceramic bricks. It is these two types of bricks that are often used in construction work. Therefore, such information will be useful to you.

Ceramic brick

Has a red tint. It is made from baked clay, which makes the material quite durable. Since clay is natural material, then the brick does not contain harmful toxic substances. It can be hollow or solid, it all depends on the percentage of emptiness inside the material. This brick has good thermal insulation properties.

Sand-lime brick

It has White color. It consists of sand, lime and a small part necessary supplements. Like the previous version, this brick is also made either solid or with holes inside. The advantage of continuous sand-lime brick is the variety of colors. And brick with cavities inside has better thermal insulation properties. Both options are quite durable.

Cellular foam concrete and aerated concrete blocks

What makes these two materials different? Inside the foam concrete there are cells with air, and inside the aerated concrete there are cells with hydrogen. Both the first and second types of materials have their pros and cons. Let's look at each of them separately.

Foam concrete

Laying with such material is not a very labor-intensive process, since the blocks are quite light and slightly larger in size than bricks. The foam block has good heat-insulating properties. An important advantage of the foam block is that giving it the required shape and size is not difficult. The thing is that you can cut it with a simple hacksaw or chop off a piece with an ax. Thanks to which you can give the block different shapes, make it oval, create bay windows, etc. In addition, the foam block does not burn, and it is quite convenient to transport.

One of the disadvantages is that foam block is a material that has moisture-absorbing properties. Complete shrinkage of the walls will be completed in about a year. Only after complete shrinkage can you begin to work on the façade and internal work your home. As for the foundation, it must be made of stable foundation slabs or monolithic concrete, thanks to this the walls will not develop cracks.

Aerated concrete

Enough cheap material for building a house, which is why it is very popular in the construction industry. The gas block is lightweight, it is even lighter than the foam block, which reduces your labor costs. You can give the material the required size and shape using the same hacksaw. This material boasts high-quality heat protection and high strength. According to some experts, aerated concrete combines the strength of stone and the lightness of wood.

The big disadvantage of aerated concrete is that the wall will constantly accumulate moisture. To avoid this unpleasant phenomenon, the wall surface must be sealed with a high-quality waterproofing finish. The second disadvantage is that the material is quite brittle, so large cracks can form when the wall moves. To avoid this, you need to build a high-quality strip foundation.

Expanded clay concrete

The composition of such material includes fairly light components, such as foamed and fat-free clay. Although the material is light in weight, it is used both for creating partitions and for load-bearing walls. It has the following advantages:

• more moisture resistant compared to concrete;
• resistant to aggressive environments;
• has excellent noise insulation properties.

The disadvantage of expanded clay concrete is that when moisture gets into the pores, it reduces its frost-resistant properties. The porosity of the material also affects its strength, since you will have to constantly calculate whether the lower blocks will withstand the weight of the next row.

Construction of walls using wooden materials

Handmade log house

Our grandfathers also used this method of building walls in the house. How did it all happen? First, the size of the tree trunk was determined, after which grooves and locks were cut out on the tree. After this, the logs were connected, laying out the outlines of the house. Next, it was necessary to wait for the house to completely shrink, which would occur within a year. Only after this did they begin to seal the cracks and trim of doors and windows. However, this method is no longer used, since it is quite complex and time-consuming work. He was replaced by new method, we'll talk about it further.

Depending on whether bricks, blocks or wood are used for construction, a private house may differ not only in quality, but also in price. If a person with average income makes a choice in favor brick house, then he must keep in mind that others modern materials, used for construction, have more high performance heat preservation. In this case, there will be a clear overexpenditure of funds.

Regardless of the material used for the walls, cement or cement blocks are used for the foundation. Only their number and amount of expenditure varies, depending on what material the house is supposed to be built from and how light it will be to determine the thickness and depth of the foundation.

The same can be said about the roof. The composition of the roof is selected depending on the requirements for heat conservation indicators.

The best material for building a house

Wood can be considered the best building material for a private house. But even this advantage will not be a key argument for people who have insufficient funds. Unfortunately, materials with high levels of environmental friendliness cannot yet be called universally available to residents of Russia.

Wood as a material has many advantages, but the main one is its high cost. For a person with an average income, building housing from such material is in most cases unaffordable.

When describing modern materials, one cannot help but remember that residents of some settlements use exclusively environmentally friendly materials for building houses (straw, clay, hay). But these options can be considered more exotic and less common in Russia.

If you use the option of block construction, then the insulation will be the same as for a brick wall - expensive, but the material itself will be cheaper, so a private house made of blocks is the most profitable in recalculating the final costs.

In addition, during block construction, a private developer will significantly save on time costs. After all, laying blocks is much easier and faster than bricks.

Insulation for frame house serves mineral wool or monolithic foam concrete. This is a good budget option for a person with limited financial resources. Ecowool can be a more expensive insulation option. In some cases, polyurethane foam or polystyrene foam is used. WITH outside the insulation is sewn up with cement bonded particle board (CSB), particle-cement board(SCP), plywood or OSB.

Facade plaster or siding is needed for cladding or cladding on last stage construction. Considering lightweight design the frame of the house, we can also conclude that cement is used economically to build the foundation. Therefore for budget option When constructing a private house, it is most profitable to choose frame technology.

Anyone who wants to build a house is concerned about the question of what material to choose for building walls. After all, the strength, durability and comfort of the home depend on it.

The choice of wall material directly affects the cost of building a house.

To choose a wall material that you can handle, let’s turn to FORUMHOUSE specialists for clarification.

Where does the choice of wall material begin?

Aerated concrete or warm ceramics, timber, wood concrete or frame technology... Any novice developer when choosing a material for building a house under permanent place residence is faced with an abundance of conflicting information. There seem to be so many materials that choosing the right one seems like an impossible task. We have to narrow the scope of our search and select exactly what is needed!

According to a forum user with the nickname Abysmo, It is enough to understand just ten things to decide whether to build a house. Namely:

1. What kind of housing do you plan to build - for permanent residence or for short-term visits;
2. What requirements do you have for strength and environmental safety wall material;
3. How quickly do you want to check in?
4. What fuel is planned for heating;
5. How much will it cost to operate?
6. How much money are you willing to spend on construction?
7. What building materials are available in your area;
8. Is it possible to carry out independent work, or workers will be involved;
9. Which construction technologies and mechanization tools are available in your region of residence;
10. Are you considering the possibility of selling the building on the secondary market?

There are no universal wall materials, suitable for any project. Big or small area, characteristics of the region of residence, climate, personal preferences require the use of their own materials.

Construction consultant's opinion Romana Nikonova:

– When choosing wall materials, it is necessary to take into account a number of technological features and protective properties of the material: fire resistance, durability, thermal conductivity. In addition, you should be guided by your feelings - whether you like the material or not.

In conditions middle zone Russian walls should provide good thermal protection. They must also be strong enough to withstand the weight of floors, roofing, snow and wind loads.

Snow in the conditions surrounding Moscow can give a load of up to 180 kg per 1 sq.m. roof surfaces. Don’t forget about the fire resistance of structures.

The point of view of an expert from our forum Alexey Melnikov(nickname on the forum Lyokhin ):

– If building codes and technologies are violated, even modern and expensive wall material can be damaged.

And vice versa - a competent approach and careful planning make it possible, with a very limited budget, to build a reliable, practical and not so small comfortable house for permanent residence.

For your information: the cost of constructing a box (relative to the total construction budget) usually does not exceed 20-30%.

The following example is indicative:

If the house is planned to be used in the “dacha” mode, then build stone walls not profitable for the following reasons:

1. Economic component. If the stone housing has cooled down, then upon arrival it needs a long heating. It is not profitable to do this for the sake of one or two trips per week.
2. Operational component. Irregular heating of a stone structure in winter negatively affects its durability.

What kind of house to build. ABOUT features of wall materials

Among the most known materials, used in the construction of walls, the following can be distinguished:

• brick and warm ceramics;
• foam concrete and aerated concrete;
• tree;
• frame technologies;
• wood concrete

Let's consider their main features.

1. Brick and warm ceramics

Advantages of this material:

1. Strength – denoted by the letter “M”. The number after the letter indicates how much load the brick can withstand. This value is expressed in kg per 1 sq.cm.

2. Durability. Brick buildings are among the most durable.

3. Environmental friendliness. Brick is based on clay, sand and water. Due to its structure, brick allows air to pass through well. Therefore, it is installed indoors favorable microclimate, and excess moisture is removed outside. In addition, the walls accumulate heat well and then release it into the room.

4. High frost resistance. The higher the frost resistance, the more durable the building. Frost resistance is the ability of a building material to withstand freezing and thawing in a water-saturated state. The frost resistance of the material is indicated by the letter F. The numbers after the letter indicate the number of freezing and thawing cycles that the material can withstand without losing its qualities.

5. Aesthetics. A cottage built of brick can be made in any architectural style, and the masonry technology itself has been developed for decades.

6. High degree soundproofing. Brick walls dampen both street and interior noise well.

Despite a number of undoubted advantages, simple brick also has significant disadvantages.

Alexey Melnikov:

– Traditional ceramic bricks measuring 250x120x65 mm do not comply with modern thermal engineering standards.

Calculations show that required thickness homogeneous brick walls(even for the southern latitudes of our country) is at least 1 meter.

It is possible to build a house for permanent residence with such thick walls, but it is not economically feasible. Therefore, the brick got its further development- in the form of this modern solution like warm ceramics.

Roman Nikonov:

– Ceramic block, or porous ceramics, is a high-tech clay-based material.

Thanks to the smallest pores filled with air, ceramic stone is very warm and has high mechanical strength. Block Dimensions warm ceramics exceed the dimensions standard brick several times, which increases the speed of laying. But warm ceramics are a rather fragile material. Therefore, for fastening any structures in a wall made of ceramic block you have to use special anchors.

Alexander Toporov(nickname on the forum 44alex) :

– Warm ceramics have a thin-walled structure, so it is not easy to fasten any heavy objects to it, and sawing it requires expensive special tool. After laying warm ceramics, it should either be plastered on the outside or additionally filled with vertical joints. Before the purchase ceramic stone I recommend paying attention to the geometry of the blocks and making sure there are no cracks.

When scoring and drilling walls made of warm ceramics, you need to be very careful, otherwise you can split the block.

The main disadvantages of brick:

• 1. High construction costs. Brick is an expensive building material, which leads to an increase in construction costs;
• 2. The large mass of a building built of brick requires the laying of a carefully calculated, powerful and expensive foundation;
• 3. Seasonality of construction work.

Wet processes (cooking building mixtures and water-based solutions) impose restrictions or make it impossible to lay bricks in winter.

2. Foam and aerated concrete

Today, gas and foam concrete blocks are the most common materials for wall construction. This is due to a good balance in the price-quality ratio.

Alexey Melnikov:

– The advantages of such blocks are their relatively low thermal conductivity (as a result, high thermal resistance), high fire and biological resistance, ease of processing with hand and portable power tools, as well as their lightness.

It was these qualities that allowed the user of our forum with the nickname Dimastik25 independently, in one hand from aerated concrete.

– I chose aerated concrete because it makes it possible to carry out the masonry independently, without using auxiliary force.

The size of the block allows it to be laid by one person, but due to the large format of the block, the work is done quite simply, quickly and without unnecessary labor costs.

Even an untrained person can lay blocks on their own. No need to knead a large number of cement-sand mortar, masonry is progressing quite well thin layer glue. Another significant advantage is the uniformity of the wall, big choice blocks and their good geometry.

Alexander Toporov:

– Gas silicate is easy to process, it is easy to saw. It is also easy to organize various armored belts, lintels, arches, etc.

One of the main advantages of aerated and foam concrete as wall materials is their good heat and sound insulation, which leads to reduced costs for heating and insulating materials.

Aerated concrete blocks are produced large enterprises. Therefore, the quality of such materials corresponds to the declared characteristics, and geometric deviations are minimal.

But this material is not without its drawbacks.

Alexey Melnikov:

– Gas and foam concrete blocks are a very fragile material. Low bending strength requires the use of a relatively expensive and powerful foundation (usually a monolithic reinforced concrete slab), and additional elements reinforcement - armored belt.

Foam concrete, although cheaper than aerated concrete, can be produced using so-called “garage” methods. Therefore, when purchasing it, you need to carefully consider the issue of choosing a supplier and not chase the lowest price.

You can familiarize yourself with all and.

3. Wooden houses

Wood is a classic construction material, but despite its widespread use, it also has a number of advantages and disadvantages.

Roman Nikonov:

– Wooden house breathes, beautiful. It is very flexible, "homey", universal material, easy to transport and install. But it is less durable than stone.

Because When constructing a log house there are no wet processes, then such a house can be erected at any time of the year.

When starting a construction project, we think about which log is best to build a house for permanent residence from. Experts believe that it is better not to build a wooden house from logs!

Alexey Melnikov:

– Timber is more practical in terms of cost-energy efficiency ratio, but for connoisseurs of log facades, the aesthetics of a log house usually come first.

Rounded logs and profiled timber (incl. chamber drying) - all this modern types logs aimed at improving the aesthetic properties and simplifying the construction of a house.

Well made wooden houses can last 200-300 years.

Among the disadvantages wooden houses can be distinguished:

1. The installation of “wet” rooms in a wooden room is associated with certain difficulties.

2. Based on standard sizes logs (6 m), covering rooms over 5 meters wide is difficult to implement. Interfloor ceilings in wooden houses they are usually wooden beams. This reduces the degree of sound insulation in the house (wood conducts sound well) under shock loads.

3. Wood is susceptible to shrinkage and cracking.

4. A wooden house must be caulked and painted regularly. Thermal protection sufficient for comfortable life in the house, provides a wall made of wood with a thickness of 200 mm.

5. Wood can rot and requires treatment with antiseptic agents to protect against mold and wood-boring beetles.

Therefore, the next stage in the development of wooden house-building was the development of laminated veneer lumber - a wall material devoid of the disadvantages of conventional timber.

Let's name the advantages of laminated veneer lumber:

• The material is durable and, thanks to its special profile (the toothed connection protects the wall from blowing), better retains heat in the house;
• Glued laminated timber has a clear geometry, which facilitates and speeds up the process of building a house;
• The material practically does not shrink, which allows you to begin laying communications and interior decoration immediately after the construction of the house;
• Thanks to factory fire-bioprotection, laminated veneer lumber is highly resistant to fire, mold and fungi;
• The walls of a house built from laminated veneer lumber do not require interior or exterior decoration.

The main disadvantage of this material is its high price, as well as the need to attract highly qualified specialists to build a house.

4. Frame technology

Frame houses are considered one of the most rapidly erected and warmest houses. Therefore, if you need housing urgently, and you are wondering what temporary resources and what material to build a house from, feel free to choose this option. Main advantages frame house construction economical and high - in a matter of months - speed of construction.

Because Since a frame house is lightweight, it does not require a strong foundation to be built under it, which also greatly reduces construction costs. The absence of wet processes allows a frame house to be built all year round.

Denis Reznichenko(nickname on the forum silent):

– If you are going to permanently live in a frame house, keep in mind that heating costs will be noticeably lower compared to wooden or stone houses, because ability to retain heat modern insulation materials higher than traditional materials.

Advantages frame houses:

• high speed of construction;
• frame technology does not require the use of heavy construction equipment;
• the construction of such a house can be carried out independently;
• due to the lack of shrinkage, internal and exterior finishing a frame house can be built immediately after construction is completed;
• wall thickness in frame houses usually does not exceed 30 cm, which increases usable area Houses;
• during the cold season, frame houses quickly warm up to a comfortable temperature.

The disadvantages of frame houses include:

• High demands on the quality of materials used. To build a frame house, first of all, you need well-dried and planed wood, treated with fire and bioprotective compounds that protect it from damage and rotting. When constructing a frame, it is unacceptable to use raw wood, because It warps as it dries. This leads to a change in geometry wooden structures;
• Construction carried out by low-skilled workers with deviations from technology entails a significant reduction performance characteristics Houses;
• Compared to stone houses, frame houses have a lower degree of sound insulation.

Alexey Melnikov:

– Also among the disadvantages is low heat capacity ( heat storage capacity) frame walls.

A frame house with the heating turned off quickly cools down. However, there is a way out - you can use an insulated Swedish stove as a foundation.

5. Arbolit

Wood concrete is a material made from cement binder (concrete) and organic fillers obtained from wood processing waste.

Sometimes wood concrete is called wood concrete, because this wall material absorbs the advantages of both concrete and wood.

Arbolite has high thermal insulation properties.

It's environmentally friendly pure material who don't need additional insulation. It does not dry out like wood, does not rot and does not burn.

Arbolite walls “breathe” (the vapor permeability of an arbolite wall is more than 35%). This regulates the humidity level in the room. This provides good air exchange in room.

Alexey Melnikov:

– Arbolite is an old and, at the same time, undeservedly forgotten material. Attempts to implement it were made back in Soviet times.

However, the individual segment low-rise housing construction in those days it was not developed, mainly panels of high-rise buildings were built, and over time, wood concrete gave way to other wall materials.

However, now wood concrete is experiencing a rebirth.

After all, it is devoid of a number of disadvantages inherent in gas and foam concrete blocks, the material is relatively light, and the construction of a house does not require the construction of a powerful foundation.

Wood concrete also has high bending strength and will not crack when the foundation moves or settles.

Arbolite, like wood, is easy to saw, drill, arbolite wall Nails are easy to hammer in, and the material itself holds heavy objects well without the use of special fasteners.

Among the disadvantages of wood concrete, two can be identified: its high cost and the insufficient number of house designs developed specifically for these blocks. Therefore, when choosing arbolite block(in order to avoid purchasing low-quality material with poor geometry or strength characteristics), you must carefully consider the issue of choosing a supplier.

On our portal they will help you find out everything a novice frame builder needs to know, what kind of house, understand what is better,. We will help you choose best material for walls and how to build

Watch a video on building a house from wood concrete blocks. And after reading our next video, you will learn how to build your own in six months

The external walls of a private house must be:

1. Strong and durable
2. Warm and energy saving
3. Quiet
4. Harmless to humans
5. Beautiful

Which house walls are stronger?

Loads act on the wall of a house in several directions. Active forces tend to compress, move sideways and rotate the wall.

Compressive loads- these are vertical forces from the weight of the wall and the underlying structures of the house. These forces tend to crush and flatten the wall material.

Low-rise private houses are relatively light in weight. Wall materials, as a rule, have quite large stock compressive strength, which allows them withstand vertical loads of a private house even with.

Horizontal loads and torques act as a result, for example, of lateral wind pressure on a house or soil pressure on a basement wall, due to the support of the ceiling on the edge of the wall, due to the deviation of the walls from the vertical and other reasons. These forces tend to move the wall or part of the wall from its position.

The general rule for walls is the thinner the wall, the worse it is it withstands lateral loads and turning moments. If the wall cannot withstand the specified loads, then it bends, cracks or even breaks.

It is the small margin of stability to displacement that is weak point in ensuring the strength of the walls of a private house. The compressive strength of most wall materials allows you to make enough for a private home thin wall, but it is necessary to ensure the stability of the walls against displacement, often forces designers to increase the thickness of walls.

The resistance of walls to lateral loads is significantly influenced by the design of the walls and the house as a whole. For example, masonry reinforcement, installation on walls monolithic belt at the floor level, strong connections between external and interior walls among themselves, as well as with floors and foundations, create the strength frame of a building that holds the walls together and resists the displacement deformations of the walls.

In order to ensure the necessary strength and durability of a private home with reasonable costs for construction, it is necessary to choose the right material and design of the walls, as well as the design power frame Houses, It is best to entrust this choice to specialists - designers.

Projects of private houses with walls made of masonry materials are available for sale. with a masonry thickness of only 180 - 250 mm. . Thickness can be 100 - 200 mm.

The walls of the house are warm and energy-saving - what's the difference?

In order for a person in the house to feel thermal comfort, Three conditions must be met:

The first condition is the air temperature in the room should be about +22 o C. To fulfill this condition, it is enough to install a boiler or stove of the required power in the house and heat it.

The surface temperature of the external walls in the house is always lower than the air temperature in the room. According to the requirements of sanitary and hygienic rules, temperature difference between air and surface outer wall there should be no more than 4 in the house o C - this is the second condition.

At the specified temperature difference, the surface of the outer wall in the house will be quite warm (+18 o C). There will be no “cold breath” from the wall; condensation or frost will not appear on the surface of the wall.

To fulfill the second condition, the outer wall of the house must have certain thermal properties. The heat transfer resistance of the outer wall must be higher than the calculated value, m 2 * o C/W. For example, for the Sochi region this value should be more than 0.66, for Moscow - 1.38, and for Yakutsk at least - 2.13.

For example, an external wall made of autoclaved aerated concrete (gas silicate) will be warm and provide thermal comfort in the house, with a thickness in Sochi - 90 mm, in Moscow - 210 mm., and in Yakutsk - 300 mm.

Third condition- the enclosing structures of the house must have. If the “clothes” of the house are blown by the wind, then there will be no heat, no matter how thick the insulation is. Everyone knows this from their own experience.

External walls with the above parameters will be warm and will provide thermal comfort in the house, but they will not be energy efficient. Heat losses through the walls will significantly exceed the building standards in force in Russia.

In order to comply with energy conservation regulations, The heat transfer resistance of external walls should be several times higher. For example, for the Sochi region - no less than 1.74 m 2 * o C/W, for Moscow - 3.13 m 2 * o C/W, and for Yakutsk - 5.04 m 2 * o C/W.

Thickness of energy-saving walls from autoclaved aerated concrete (gas silicate) there will also be more: for the Sochi region - 270 mm., for the Moscow region - 510 mm. for Yakutia - 730 mm.

Aerated concrete (gas silicate) is the warmest material for masonry walls. The thickness of energy-saving walls made of more thermally conductive materials (brick, concrete blocks) should be even greater. (The figure above shows the heat transfer resistance of a brick wall with a thickness of 2.5 bricks (640 mm.) = 0.79 and one brick (250 mm) = 0,31 m2* o C/W. Compare with the values ​​given in the examples and evaluate in which regions will such walls provide thermal comfort?)

Wooden walls made of timber or logs also do not meet energy saving requirements.

It should be noted that to comply with the requirements of building regulations for the heat transfer resistance of walls and other enclosing structures of the house not necessary for a private developer.

It is more important for the home owner to reduce overall heating costs.

It can be beneficial to sacrifice the energy-saving properties of walls, but increase the heat-saving parameters of ceilings, windows, and ventilation systems in order to meet the energy consumption standards for heating.

Heat loss through the walls accounts for only 20 - 30% of the total heat loss in the house.

We must not forget about one more condition of an energy-saving house. The house must have a minimum- walls, ceilings, windows.

Which is better to make walls - single-layer or two-layer?

From the above data it is clear that wall materials allow you to build strong, thin and fairly cheap walls private house. But such walls will not provide thermal comfort in the house or have the required energy-saving properties.

Technologies for constructing walls of a private house are developing in two main directions:

1. Relatively thin and durable walls are insulated with highly effective insulation. The wall consists of two layers- a load-bearing layer that absorbs mechanical loads, and an insulation layer.
2. For the construction of single-layer walls, materials are used that combine a sufficiently high resistance to both mechanical stress and heat transfer. The construction of single-layer walls made of cellular concrete (autoclaved aerated concrete, gas silicate) or porous ceramics is popular.

It should be noted that wall materials for single-layer walls have mediocre both mechanical and thermal properties. We have to improve them with various design tweaks.

A combination of these two technologies is also used when walls made of cellular and porous materials provide additional insulation layer of highly effective insulation. This combination allows make wall masonry and a thin layer of insulation. This can be beneficial for structural reasons, especially when building a house in a cold climate.

Single-layer walls of a private house

Not so long ago, almost all private houses were built with single-layer walls. The thickness of the walls of the house was chosen based on the conditions for ensuring thermal comfort and thought little about energy conservation.

Currently, for the construction of single-layer walls, materials with sufficiently high thermal insulation properties are used, to make the house energy efficient.

All materials for single-layer walls have a porous structure and low density 300 - 600 kg/m 3. As the density decreases, the heat-saving properties improve, but the mechanical strength of materials decreases.

There are several types of cellular concrete, which differ in the way they create pores (cells). The best properties for the construction of single-layer external walls of a house have density (grade) 300-500 kg/m3.

Aerated concrete blocks can have precise dimensions, which allows them to be laid on glue with a seam thickness of 2 mm. The ends of the blocks often have a tongue-and-groove profile and are joined without mortar in a vertical seam.

Aerated concrete has an open porous structure and therefore absorbs moisture well, but also dissolves easily.

Porous ceramics It is made from raw materials and in a way that is similar to the production of ordinary ceramic bricks. The difference is that components are added to the clay-based mass, which form pores when fired.

Hollow blocks are made from porous ceramics. The hollowness further enhances the heat-saving properties of block walls.

The thickness of the masonry of single-layer walls made of porous ceramic blocks is 38 - 50 cm. Porous ceramic blocks are laid using a special heat-saving mortar with a seam thickness of 10 -15 mm.

As a rule, the exterior decoration of single-layer walls is. Cladding slabs made of natural stone or artificial products can be glued to the walls. Finishing using the ventilated facade method (cladding over lathing) is used very rarely.

Plastering of walls made of porous ceramics or expanded clay concrete from the outside is carried out using a traditional plaster composition with a thickness of about 2 cm. In addition to plastering, it can be done in other ways (see link).

The inside of the walls is plastered or...

It is faster to build a house with single-layer walls. In a new house with single-layer walls you can start living without waiting for the facade to be finished. This work can be left for later.

Walls with insulation - two-layer and three-layer

For installing a wall with insulation Almost any masonry material can be used— ceramic and silicate bricks, blocks made of cellular and lightweight concrete, as well as porous ceramics.

The load-bearing layer of a two-layer wall can also be make from monolithic concrete or wood- timber, logs. The choice of material is much more varied compared to single-layer walls.

For the construction of walls with insulation materials with higher mechanical strength and density are used than for single-layer walls. This circumstance makes it possible to reduce the thickness of the masonry of double-layer walls.

Wall masonry thickness from 180 mm. - depends on the properties of the materials used, on the design of the walls and frame of the house.

Walls are most often laid using ordinary masonry mortar, filling horizontal and vertical joints with mortar. The work is simpler and does not require any special qualifications from masons.

The mechanical strength of the wall material is, as a rule, sufficient for problem-free fastening of various structures to walls.

The thermal insulation properties of a wall depend mainly on the thermal conductivity and thickness of the insulation layer.

A layer of thermal insulation is placed outside ( double layer wall) or inside the wall, closer to the outer surface ( three-layer wall).

As thermal insulation, slabs of mineral wool or polymers - polystyrene foam, extruded polystyrene foam - are most often used. Less commonly used thermal insulation slabs made of cellular concrete and foam glass, although they have a number of advantages.

Mineral wool slabs for wall insulation must have a density of at least 60-80 kg/m3. If used for finishing the facade, then use mineral wool slabs with a density of 125-180 kg/m 3 or slabs of extruded polystyrene foam.

Mineral wool insulation is plastered with a vapor-permeable composition - mineral or silicate plaster.

Insulating a façade with mineral wool usually costs more and it is more difficult to work with. But a layer of wool insulation allows moisture to escape from the wall to the outside.

A continuous layer of thermal insulation on the outside allows block all cold bridges in double-layer walls without the use of special constructive tricks that have to be done in single-layer walls.

General thickness of two-layer walls (with plaster from 35 cm.) usually turns out less than a single-layer wall.

The width of the foundation walls (basement) is also smaller, which allows save on their construction. This advantage does not apply to three-layer walls. The width of three-layer walls and their foundations is usually no less than that of single-layer ones.

Exterior finishing of double-layer walls is carried out thin-layer plaster over insulation. Insulation boards, preferably made of extruded polystyrene foam, are glued to the wall. The thickness of the insulation layer is not recommended to be more than 150 mm. A layer of plaster 5-7 thick is applied to the insulation mm.

Wall surface with thin layer plaster more sensitive to point mechanical influences than a single-layer wall with traditional plaster.

For double-layer walls often use ventilated cladding on the frame. In a ventilated façade, mineral wool insulation slabs are placed between the frame posts. The frame is covered with cladding made of vinyl or plinth siding, wooden materials, or various slabs.

Attaching insulation to the walls, installing a ventilated facade - all this work consists of many stages and operations and requires skill, accuracy and responsibility from the performers. A variety of materials are used for work.

When constructing double-layer walls in There is a great risk that employees will do something wrong.

In three-layer walls a layer of highly effective insulation is placed inside the masonry or wall monolith. Three-layer walls also include walls with an insulation layer facing with brick or other masonry materials.

For the construction of three-layer walls, single-row masonry made of (insulated walls, silica granite, polyblock) is also used. Thermal blocks have three layers of concrete-insulation-concrete bonded together.

Mineral insulation - low-density cellular concrete

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Today, new technologies are increasingly used in the construction of residential buildings and outbuildings. For the construction of buildings, modern materials are used that have excellent performance characteristics, are reliable, environmentally friendly and durable.

What new technologies can be used in construction?

Innovative methods in our time include methods for constructing houses from:

• glued timber;
• foam concrete blocks;
• aerated concrete blocks;
• SIP panels.

Even when using conventional construction technologies, modern finishing techniques, hydro- and thermal insulation, pouring of enclosing structures, etc. can be used.

Properties of laminated veneer lumber

This new material is most often used for the construction of houses and baths. New modern construction technologies are not always cheap. Glued laminated timber is a somewhat elite material. Since it is quite expensive, utility structures are rarely erected from it. The main advantage of this new material is its strength and precisely calibrated geometric shapes. Thanks to the special configuration of laminated veneer lumber, it is very easy to assemble houses from it. In addition, unlike profiled material, such material does not shrink. The buildings erected from it look very modern and neat.

However, glued bursa has one small drawback. The fact is that glue is used in the manufacturing process. As a result, such an important indicator as environmental cleanliness is deteriorating.

New technologies in house construction that involve the use of laminated veneer lumber are not particularly complex. However, when choosing this material itself, experts advise that you definitely pay attention to the manufacturer. You should only buy such timber from trusted companies. Material purchased from an unknown company may be of poor quality. In this case, walls assembled even in compliance with all recommendations may subsequently shrink, crack, begin to rot, etc.

Advantages and disadvantages of foam concrete blocks

The latest technologies in construction involve the use of not only natural materials processed in a special way, but also those manufactured artificially. For example, country houses today are very often built from foam blocks. Such buildings are distinguished by simply remarkable performance characteristics. The advantages of foam blocks include:

• the ability to “breathe”;
• excellent heat-retaining qualities;
• light weight;
• ease of use.

Lay foam blocks on glue. Moreover, unlike cement mortar, it is applied in a very thin layer. As a result, cold bridges do not form in the walls.

But, of course, this material also has disadvantages. These include, first of all, fragility. When constructing walls made of foam concrete, reinforcement must be used. In addition, foam blocks are afraid of moisture. That is, for example, it is not worth building a bathhouse from them. Even residential buildings built from this material must be additionally sheathed with finishing material or finished with special plaster.

New technologies for the construction of private houses: aerated concrete blocks

This is another material that has gained immense popularity among owners of suburban areas. Like foam concrete, it is a special man-made stone with a large number of small voids inside. Thanks to this structure, blocks of this type retain heat very well and are lightweight. The advantages of aerated concrete, among other things, include the ideal geometry of the forms. Finishing walls from this material is very easy, since they have a perfectly flat surface. You can build a house from aerated concrete blocks very quickly. However, such walls also require reinforcement.

Characteristics of SIP panels

New construction technologies that have come to us from other countries often make it possible to construct inexpensive buildings with excellent performance characteristics. In cottage residential and holiday villages today you can quite often see lightweight houses made of SIP panels. The technology for constructing buildings from this material is called Canadian. The fact is that it was invented precisely in this cold country. The main advantage of SIP panels is that they can be used to build very warm houses. The advantages of this material also include:

• Easy to install. You can assemble a Canadian house in just a couple of weeks. In this case, it is absolutely not necessary to hire a construction team. The technology for constructing houses from SIP panels is very simple. They are attached to the beam using self-tapping screws.
• Simplicity of finishing. The walls of houses made from SIP panels are perfectly flat.
• Possibility of quick redevelopment. Installing new or removing old partitions in such a house will not be difficult.
• High degree of sound insulation. No sounds penetrate into such houses from the street.

The latest technologies in construction, of course, can have not only advantages, but also disadvantages. The main disadvantage of SIP panels is that they do not allow air to pass through at all. Expanded polystyrene is used as insulation in their manufacture, which is also considered not a very environmentally friendly material. In addition, such stoves burn well.

Today on sale you can also find SIP panels with mineral wool. The risk of fire when using such material is significantly reduced. However, mineral wool also has a rather significant drawback - it is afraid of moisture.

What new technologies are still being used?

Among other things, in our time the latest technologies in construction can be used, such as:

• penetrating waterproofing of foundations, walls and other concrete structures:
• pouring walls using mortar and permanent formwork;
• assembly of LTSC frames.

What is penetrating waterproofing

In Europe, this technology for protecting building structures from moisture has been used for quite some time. It was first used in Denmark. It is a penetrating waterproofing special composition intended for treating foundations, walls and other structures built using cement mortar. Once applied to a concrete surface, it penetrates into the pores and dries to form insoluble crystals. This prevents the absorption of water by the concrete during the operation of the structures.

Permanent formwork

New technologies in the construction of private houses make it possible to build very inexpensive, lightweight and at the same time warm walls. The main advantage of the method of pouring enclosing structures using permanent formwork is the speed of work. When using such slabs, you can build the walls of even a large house in literally one and a half to two weeks. Permanent formwork is made from warm polystyrene foam. The ease of assembly is determined by the features of its design and low weight. The use of such sheets, among other things, allows the construction of buildings of the most complex layout. The fact is that today there are not only ordinary, but also non-standard blocks of this type on sale.

Some disadvantage of the technology for constructing buildings using permanent formwork is the need to use absolutely homogeneous concrete. Also, during construction, you should take the utmost responsibility in assembling the reinforcement frame.

What are thin-walled steel structures

When constructing various types of large-area structures, new materials and technologies can also be used. Light metal profiles can be used in the construction of various types of hangars, warehouses and auxiliary premises. The frame of the structure is assembled from them. Using LTSC technology, attics, utility and residential buildings are erected. But more often, hangars for various purposes, storage and auxiliary premises are assembled on a profile frame. The advantage of such a metal base is, first of all, ease of assembly. If necessary, the structure can be easily dismantled and installed in a new location.

The disadvantages of LTSC include, first of all, deformation under significant temperature fluctuations and the inability to achieve high energy efficiency. Steel structures, unlike wooden ones, can freeze in winter.

The high cost and complexity of constructing buildings and structures using traditional methods is the main reason for the need to use new technologies in construction. The use of modern materials allows you to assemble reliable structures quickly and with minimal cost. This is why SIP panels, foam concrete blocks, laminated veneer lumber, etc. are becoming increasingly popular. In most cases, nowadays houses are built using them.