Human psychotypes are general characteristics. Such different human psychotypes

All people are similar, but at the same time, each of us is an individual. For many years, psychologists have tried to find certain traits in people's personalities that could be used to classify them into groups. And today there are several options for such classifications. Doctors have found that patients belonging to certain groups are more prone to certain diseases, show a predilection for certain types of activities, and behave in certain situations in a similar way. Therefore, the topic of our conversation today will be human psychotypes, general characteristics people on them.

It is worth noting that different psychological schools may define psychotypes differently. At the same time, most experts agree that most often people are a mixture of several psychotypes. But sometimes you can meet individuals with similar mental characteristics, traits, behavior and manifestations. Most of us know only a couple of basic personality types, and these are perhaps the most popular of them. But in fact, there are quite a few different psychotypes, and different scientists have different approaches to defining them. Let's consider one of the options for classifying psychotypes - according to Leonhard.

Psychotypes of people - characteristics according to Leonhard

Hyperthymic type

Such people are extremely active and have strong sociability. They appear emotional and talkative. When talking, people with this psychotype use all kinds of means of expression: gestures, facial expressions and pantomime. When talking, they tend to move away from the initial topic of conversation and actively talk about something else - completely abstract. The main positive traits of such people: pleasant energy and initiative, optimism in life, as well as a thirst for activity. However, there are also negative personality traits: frivolity, a tendency to extravagant actions and conflicts due to a frivolous attitude towards responsibilities. Such people have difficulty succumbing to the need to adhere to rules, do monotonous work, and they also cannot stand loneliness.

Dysthymic type

Such people are withdrawn, they feel discomfort in large and noisy companies. They avoid conflicts and are not inclined to start them. People with a dysthymic personality type are taciturn and have a heightened sense of justice. They are followers and have practically no friends. People with this psychotype are excellent workers for monotonous and routine activities; they look sluggish, slow and passive.

Cycloid type

With this psychotype, people are completely influenced by their mood, which can literally change with the wind. If their mood is excellent, they become sociable and emotional, and if they are in a bad mood, they become withdrawn and irritable. They may exhibit features of the types already described above: hyperthymic or dysthymic.

Excitable type

With this type of personality, people are gloomy, uncommunicative and withdrawn. They have slow reactions, a tendency to be rude and curse. Such people can often get into conflicts, and may even become their main instigators. In the team they are usually disliked and even shunned. In the family, individuals with this psychotype are despotic and domineering. However, being in a calm emotional state, such people are careful and love animals and children. But when they are in a state of excitement, they become hot-tempered and lose control of themselves.

Stuck type

Such people tend to remain silent a lot. And in communication they look like terrible bores and love to read moral teachings. They can provoke conflicts and become the worst bosses. Such people are accustomed to setting inflated demands on themselves and those around them. They are distinguished by vindictiveness, distrust, jealousy and pride.

Pedantic type

Such people are bureaucrats and pedants. They easily give way to leadership to others, and do not like to stick their neck out. With this psychotype, people tend to harass loved ones with demands for order in the house. They become excellent partners for business - serious and reliable, but in other situations they look like terrible bores and formalists.

Anxious type

These are eternally depressed people, not inclined to take initiative, passive and uncommunicative. During conflicts, they try to find support and support. Such people are quite friendly and self-critical, but they are often disliked in the team.

Emotive type

Such people love to communicate exclusively with a select few who understand each other literally. They try to keep all grievances and emotions within themselves, can sympathize with the troubles of other people, have an excessive sense of ownership and high efficiency. The main repulsive trait of their character is excessive sensitivity and tearfulness.

Demonstrative type

These people always try to be the center of attention, wanting leadership, praise, and also power. They look soft and sociable, but they can put a knife in the back. They can safely be called major intriguers and gossip collectors. At work they can take non-standard solutions, but are distinguished by selfishness, boasting and hypocrisy.

Exalted type

Such people are distinguished by high contact and communication skills. They are ardent debaters, but are not inclined to enter into open conflicts. Such people seem especially romantic; they quickly and often fall in love, but also quickly cool down towards the object of passion. But at the same time, with an exalted psychotype, individuals are usually strongly attached to their relatives and show the ability to sympathize with the troubles of others. Such people are especially susceptible to momentary impulses; they often create panic out of the blue.

Extroverted type

Such individuals are often surrounded by a significant number of people; they may concede leadership, but are particularly talkative and even talkative. But at the same time, individuals with an extroverted psychotype can listen carefully to their interlocutor and carry out various requests and instructions. They are subject to the influence of others, tend to commit frivolous and even rash acts, love to party and have fun in different ways.

Introverted type

Such people are the complete opposite of the previous psychotype. They are thinkers and philosophers, look reserved and rarely attend various noisy gatherings. They are not at all inclined to conflict, unless their personal space is encroached upon. Such individuals rarely become attached to people, show stubbornness in their beliefs, have their own point of view on everything and stubbornly defend it. Their main positive traits– this is restraint, as well as integrity.

Traditional treatment

Some features of psychotypes cause a lot of inconvenience to the person himself. Thus, a tendency to enter into conflicts, aggressiveness and nervousness can cause problems in work and personal life. Depression, excessive anxiety and unsociability can also interfere with normal life. Coping with such character traits is very difficult, but in some cases traditional medicine recipes can be beneficial.

To eliminate or reduce anxiety, aggressiveness and nervousness, you can periodically drink mint tea or mint infusion. Brew a teaspoon of crushed leaves with a glass of just boiled water. Boil this product over low heat for ten minutes. Strain the finished drink and drink half a glass twice a day. This tea can be sweetened with honey.

To improve your mood, eliminate nervousness and aggressiveness, you can prepare a medicine based on birch leaves. Pour one hundred grams of crushed young leaves with half a liter of warm, pre-boiled water. Infuse this medicine for six hours, then strain and squeeze out the plant material. Take half a glass of the prepared drink three times a day shortly before meals.

In case of constant depression, passivity and increased tearfulness, you can prepare a medicine based on the following collection. Combine equal parts of thyme, St. John's wort, as well as yarrow, catnip and lemongrass berries. Brew four tablespoons of this mixture with half a liter of just boiled water and leave in a thermos for an hour. Drink half a glass of the strained drink in the morning and evening.

Having information about psychotypes and their characteristics, you will know what to expect from this or that person, and how best to communicate with him.

Each person is unique from birth, plus all the innate psycho-physiological properties of people: from the genetically inherent characteristics of the highest nervous activity, physique and interhemispheric asymmetry and to innate intelligence, inclinations and mental abilities..., there are also individual emotional-psychological and cognitive-behavioral characteristics of the individual, inherent in the process of education and socialization, which form human personality psychotypes (psychological types of people, men or women).

To determine psychological types, various methods of psychodiagnostics and personality testing are used, from complex multifactor personality questionnaires, such as the SMIL test or the Cattell test, to testing temperament and character accentuation, as well as to better determine human psychotype, use individual psychoanalytic conversation.

How to determine a person’s psychotype (psychological type of a person)

A similar theory of human psychotypes arose from Eysenck - his test for temperament and neuroticism (not to be confused with neurosis).

Jung divided people into extrovert, ambivert and introvert psychotypes.

Leonhard identified extreme psychological types of people based on character accentuations (10 psychotypes) - take the test with a description...

Similar work on distinguishing people by accentuations was done by Gannushkin and Lichko (13 “Devil’s Dozen” psychotypes), with an emphasis on borderline personality states (close to neuroses), for example, neurasthenic or psychopathy, psychasthenic, etc.

Kretschmer discovered differences in the psychological types of people and similarities with the temperaments of a person’s physique (“Athletic”, “Picnic” and “Asthenic”), which are associated with human behavior (“Practitioner”, “Interlocutor” and “Thinker”).

Also, psychotypes are distinguished by interhemispheric asymmetry of the brain: right hemisphere, left hemisphere and ambidexterity (test for the leading hemisphere).

People also differ in how they think and perceive information, i.e. according to the leading representative sensory system, for example such psychological types as “Kinesthetic”, “Visual”...

In a word, if you dig around, you can find many more differences between people according to all sorts of psychological types (psychotypes) in the works of different authors, including contemporaries.

Studying all these human psychotypes is necessary for psychologists, sociologists, advertisers and PR specialists, marketers and manipulators. The average person can only be driven by curiosity or real information and misinformation about the benefits of knowing one’s own and others’ psychological type.

For ordinary person Of course, it’s good to know your psychotype of personality in order to level out the minuses and enhance the pluses. It is also good to know the psychological type of your partner, husband (wife), child, friend, etc. to build harmonious cooperative relationships and avoid unnecessary quarrels and conflicts.

But the main thing for the average person, nevertheless, is not the psychotype of the individual as such, but how a person lived, lives and will live his life, having this psychological type... what is his life scenario... who is he in life: “Winner”, Banal Average” or “ Jonah? And most importantly, is it possible to change anything in yourself and your life?

This is what is really useful for an ordinary person, and not a “game” of dividing into personality psychotypes... (

Introduction

General concept about personality

1 Personality structure

2 Dispositional approach to determining personal structure

Typological approach

Personality types in social psychology

1 Typology of psychosociotypes

2 Typology of temperaments I.P. Pavlova

3 Constitutional typologies of E. Kretschmer

4 K. Horney’s typology based on different needs for communication

3.5 Typology based on the relationship between human behavior and internal motives

6 Typology of A. Adler. Personality types: attitudes related to lifestyles

3.7 Typology “Locus of Control”

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

A person in society must grow according to his nature, be himself and be unique, just as each leaf on a tree is different from the other. But each leaf has something in common with the others, and this commonality runs through the branches and vessels and forms the strength of the trunk and the unity of the entire tree.

MM. Prishvin

The differences between people are multifaceted: they are differences in beliefs and interests, knowledge and experience, abilities and skills, temperament and character.

And, nevertheless, the functioning of the psyche of all people is subject to general laws; everyone has memory, emotions and other mental processes.

In individual development, a person goes through general stages of development, and general, typical human manifestations of the psyche are formed.

It should be noted that the interaction of heredity and environment determines the individual characteristics of the human psyche. But even the differences between people are characterized by a certain stability; as a result, these differences can also be identified, described, typified, generalized, i.e. scientific typologies are created, the “common” is found even in differences.

All existing classifications of types of thinking, temperament, character, personality of people, on the one hand, are too broad, because a large number of people fall into one category different people, on the other hand, are too narrow, because no one person ever fits entirely into one category. But, despite this, we cannot do without scientific typologies. They are needed because they help predict a person, his development, mental reactions, interaction in society, and his activities.

1. General concept of personality

In psychological science, the category “personality” refers to the number basic concepts. But the concept of “personality” is not purely psychological and is studied by all social sciences, including philosophy, sociology, pedagogy, etc. What is the specificity of the study of personality within the framework of psychological science and what is personality from a psychological point of view? Answering this question is not so simple, since all psychologists answer it differently, which indicates the complexity of the personality phenomenon itself. According to I.S. Kona “On the one hand, it designates a specific individual (person) as a subject of activity, in its unity individual properties(singular) and its social roles (general). On the other hand, personality is understood as a social property of an individual, as a set of socially significant traits integrated in him, formed in the process of direct and indirect interaction of this person with other people and making him, in turn, a subject of labor, knowledge and communication.”(1)

Each of the definitions of personality available in scientific literature, is supported by experimental research and theoretical justification and therefore deserves to be taken into account when considering the concept of “personality”.

According to the definition of A.G. Maklakova “Personality is a specific person, taken in the system of his stable socially conditioned psychological characteristics, which manifest themselves in social connections and relationships, determine his moral actions and are of significant importance for himself and those around him.”(2)

Psychology has developed its own idea of ​​the problem of human research. This idea was substantiated by B.G. Ananyev, who identified four levels human organization, of greatest interest to scientific research, is an individual, a subject of activity, a personality, an individuality.

Concept "individual"characterizes a person as a bearer of certain biological properties (belonging of a particular person to the human race). Being born as an individual, a person is included in the system of social relationships and processes, as a result of which he acquires a special social quality - he becomes a personality. This happens because a person, being included in the system of public relations, acts as subject - carrier of consciousness, which is formed and developed in the process of activity.

In turn, the features of the development of all these levels characterize the uniqueness and originality of a particular person, determine his individuality.Thus, the concept of “personality” characterizes one of the most significant levels of human organization, namely the features of its development as a social being.

1.1 Personality structure

When considering personality structure, it usually includes abilities, temperament, character, motivation and social attitudes.

Capabilities- these are individually stable properties of a person that determine his success in various types of activities.

Temperamentis a dynamic characteristic of human mental processes. Charactercontains qualities that determine a person’s attitude towards other people. Motivation- this is a set of motivations for activity.

Social attitudes- these are people's beliefs.

Will- the need to overcome obstacles, the conscious mobilization by an individual of his mental and physical capabilities to overcome difficulties and obstacles, to perform purposeful actions and deeds.

Emotions- a set of qualities that describe the dynamics of the emergence, course and cessation of emotional states.

Personality receives its structure from the specific structure of human activity and is characterized, therefore five potentials: cognitive, valuable, creative, communicative and artistic.

1. Epistemological (cognitive) potentialdetermined by the volume and quality of information available to the individual.

2. Axiological (value) potentialpersonality is determined by the system of value orientations acquired by it in the process of socialization in the moral, political, religious, aesthetic spheres, i.e. her ideals, life goals, beliefs and aspirations.

3. Creative potentialpersonality is determined by the acquired and independently developed skills and abilities, abilities to act and the extent of their implementation in any field of activity.

4. Communication potentialpersonality is determined by the extent and forms of its sociability, the nature and strength of contacts established with other people.

5. Artistic potentialpersonality is determined by the level, content, intensity of its artistic needs and how it satisfies them.

Elements psychological structure personality are its psychological properties and characteristics, the so-called "personality traits"Psychologists try to conditionally put a countless number of personality traits into substructures. In this regard, the concept of K.K. is interesting. Platonov, who developed a hierarchical structure of personality, taking into account the definition of personality levels and such substructures as: orientation, experience, forms of reflection, biological, constitutional properties.

Outstanding psychologist S.L. Rubinstein distinguished in personality - orientation, abilities, temperament, character, self-awareness.

But A.N. Leontyev believed that personality is social essence a person, and therefore a person’s temperament, character, abilities and knowledge are not included in the personality as its substructures.

1.2 Dispositional approach to determining personality structure

In psychology, there are two main directions of personality research: the first is based on the identification of certain personality traits, and the second is based on the determination of personality types.

From the point of view of the dispositional approach, no two people are exactly alike. An adherent of the dispositional approach, Gordon Allport believed that each personality is unique and that its uniqueness can be understood through the definition of specific personality traits, because Human behavior is always the result of a certain configuration of personality traits.

Personality Trait- this is what determines constant, stable features of human behavior that are typical for various situations; this is an important component of the “personal structure”.

G. Allport identified common and individual features. Common featuresinclude any characteristics shared by a number of people within a particular culture.

Personality Traits, or individual dispositions- these are characteristics of a person that do not allow comparisons with other people; these are the unique traits of a particular person that most accurately reflect his personal structure.

Empirical studies of the main traits that form the core of personality were carried out by psychologists Eysenck, Cattell, Guilford and others, proving that the basic structure of personality traits influences a person’s behavioral reactions. In their research, they used the factor method of analyzing personality structure. The factorial method is mathematical analysis correlations (relationships) within a certain group of data.

2. Typological approach

Larger in scope and more heterogeneous compared to trait is the concept "type". A personality type is considered as a holistic entity that cannot be reduced to a set of traits. The concept of “type” is distinguished by a higher level of generalization and performs the function of categorizing personality properties into larger units that are directly related to observed patterns of human behavior.

Types- these are combinations of meaningful personality characteristics, between which there are natural and necessary connections, “complexes”

(G. Murray), “coordinated patterns” (S. Muddy).

The typological approach proceeds from the position that a personality type is a holistic entity that cannot be reduced to a combination of individual personal factors. Its content is revealed by a description of a typical or average representative of a group of persons classified as a given type. For example, a personality type such as an “authoritarian personality” is a conglomerate of at least four personality factors that cannot be reduced to dominance. However, one of the most distinctive differences between authoritarianism and dominance is that an authoritarian personality oppresses those at a lower level and subservience to those above it, while a dominant personality is a leader for those occupying a lower position and fights for a higher position.

Personality typology is a fundamental problem of psychological cognition. One of the first to present it and thoroughly analyze it was Carl Gustav Jung in his classic work “Psychological Types.” It should be noted that typology issues are not limited to general principles groupings of individual personal properties and substructures, but imply consideration of the individual as an integral subject, different from other subjects not only in temperament and characterological manifestations, but also in a specific lifestyle, way of perceiving the world around him, worldview, value system, etc.

From a review of classifications of temperament and character, it becomes clear that when identifying personality types, its stable individual or socially formed characteristics are taken into account, such as features of the bodily constitution, properties of the nervous system, accentuations, etc. However, along with psychophysiological and psychiatric assessment criteria, the most general grounds, allowing one to typify a personality in its integrity and specificity of mental activity.

One of these attempts was carried out by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, who, along with a description of four types of temperament, identified three “purely human type» higher nervous activity: mental, artistic, average. The typology is based on I.P. Pavlov lies in the relative participation of the first and second signaling systems in the perception of the world and the organization of human activity.

According to Pavlov , representatives thinking type,characterized by the predominance of the activity of the second signaling system of the left hemisphere of the brain, they are very reasonable, prone to a detailed analysis of life phenomena, to abstract abstract logical thinking. Their feelings are distinguished by moderation, restraint and are usually expressed outwardly only after passing through the “filter of the mind.” People of this type, as a rule, are interested in mathematics, philosophy, and are fascinated by scientific activities.

In people artistic typethe activity of the first signaling system of the right hemisphere of the brain predominates and a developed creative thinking, which is imprinted by high emotionality, vividness of imagination, spontaneity and vividness of perception of reality. They are interested, first of all, in art, poetry, music, theater, and they successfully realize themselves in writing and artistic creativity. In contrast to the skepticism of the thinking type, individuals of an artistic bent often turn out to be “romantic natures.”

Most people (up to 80%) belong to the “golden mean” average type. The rational or emotional principle slightly predominates in their character, and this depends mainly on upbringing and life circumstances. These typological features begin to appear by the age of 12-16: some teenagers devote most of their time to literature, music, art, others to chess, physics, mathematics, therefore adolescence quite favorable for preliminary career guidance.

Another example of the systematic development of problems of personality typology is the theory of psychological types by K.G. Cabin boy. He associated typological differences with two factors:

1.The predominance of a certain attitude of consciousness in the mental activity of the individual;

2.Dominance of one of the main mental functions.

In Jung's theory, two attitudes or orientations of consciousness are distinguished, corresponding to two directions of psychic energy: introversionAnd extroversion.

Introversionpresupposes the focus of mental activity on the phenomena and contents of the subject’s inner world, his thoughts, fantasies, and experiences. IN in this case the motivating force of actions comes from the subject himself and depends to a lesser extent on external (“objective”) circumstances.

Introvert - this is a person turned inward, listening to the “inner voice”, leading intense inner life and showing little interest in his surroundings.

Extraversion, on the contrary, turns a person to the world of external phenomena and events. In this case, there is a predominant orientation outward, towards the object: dependence on it or increased interest in it.

Extrovert , in his thoughts, feelings and actions he is inclined to obey the “objective” external demands or the “attractive force” of the object. Jung emphasized that these two types are not rigidly fixed.

Introversion and extroversion are observed in the soul of any person and in the natural life process naturally replace each other, alternate, like phases systole(contraction of the heart, then blood is pumped into the arteries) and diastole(expansion of the cavities of the heart due to relaxation of its muscles, the heart “rests”). Introversion or extroversion only means the predominant orientation of consciousness. (Note that Jung’s understanding does not completely coincide with the interpretations of introversion and extraversion that G. Eysenck used as the basis for his famous test).

The second significant factor in the differentiation of psychological types is the maximum expression of one of the four mental functions, which include: thinking, feeling, sensing and intuition. One or another function becomes decisive in the life of an individual, another turns out to be subordinate and auxiliary, two more remain undifferentiated (underdeveloped) and operate mainly on an unconscious level. Depending on this factor, a person in his perception of the world and behavior primarily relies on either rational judgment or an emotional and ethical assessment of events; either on facts and impressions, or on intuitive (holistic and not fully realized) understanding.

According to this criterion, the following types are distinguished:

· Thoughtful- focus on the personal past.

· Emotional- orientation to the historical past,

· Sensory- perceives the present in its entirety, is not attentive to the past,

· Intuitive- present and past tense, insignificant, directed towards the horizon

Each type can be introverted or extroverted, so Jung described in detail eight possible personality types.

Personality typologies can be built according to a variety of criteria, for example, according to the nature of the individual’s orientation, his interests, ideological guidelines and beliefs, as well as in accordance with culturally determined types of worldview.

This group includes “ideological” typologies, in particular, classification by Eduard Spranger . It highlights six personality types, based on six universal value orientations. The values ​​identified by Spranger are inherent to a certain extent in all people and are core in human life. Different people have certain combinations of the values ​​listed below, with a predominance of one of them.

· Theoretical.A person who gives priority to this value is primarily interested in revealing the truth.

· Economic.An “economic” person, first of all, values ​​what is useful and profitable,

· Aesthetic.Such a person is primarily focused on perfect form and harmony.

· Social.The highest value for a “social” person is the love and recognition of people.

· Political.Dominant interest political type- fall. It corresponds to “man of strength.”

· Religious.People of this type are mainly interested in understanding the world as a whole, governed by higher powers, God, the absolute or the first principle.

Gordon Allport adhered to a similar axiological (value) approach, believing that personality types should be determined in accordance with the differences in the value systems of different individuals. According to Allport, values ​​can be represented as the most complex, deep-seated personal traits or dispositions that serve as the main criterion for classifying a person as a certain type.

Other examples of typology include classifications built on the basis of differences in professional orientations, or socio-psychological classifications in which the criteria are the social roles of the individual, leadership style (K. Lewin’s classification), etc.

There are interesting private typologies of personality (criterion - sociability, differences in people's motivation, etc.).

Research by R. Fine (USA) and N. A. Aminov (Russia) shows that there are two types of teachers: 1) X-type - developmental; 2) U-type - appreciative.

The first develops the child’s personality, adheres to a flexible program, a friendly style, is aimed at identifying giftedness, and has low anxiety.

The second one pays attention to the mental development of students, the result is inflated demands, strict testing, clear study of the subject, and is aloof with children. It has been shown that the predominant type of teachers depends on the attitude of society towards education and that in times of crisis the

The specificity of modern developments of problems of psychological typology in domestic science (research by K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, B.S. Bratus, A.I. Krupnov, etc.) lies in the desire to analyze personality not as an autonomous complex of stable properties, but in terms of personal activity that is typological in nature, in the light of the complex relationship “person - life path”. In this direction, qualitatively new typologies are being created: initiative, responsibility, semantic integral of personality activity, personal ability to organize time, social thinking and a number of others.

Several typologies are associated with historical changes that lead to a change in the prevailing types of people corresponding to a certain level of development of society. The concepts of this direction include, first of all, the development of problems of a social nature and the basic personality.

personality dispositional temperament psychosociotype

3. Personality types in social psychology

There are several classifications of personality types, the main ones of which were formed quite recently - in the 40-50s of the last century. The division into personality types in social psychology takes into account the degree of introversion/extroversion, level of isolation, sociability, temperament, perception of time, control over one’s own life and some other criteria. This typology is close to socio-psychological, as it is associated with the prevailing attitudes in the sphere of communication.

3.1 Typology of psychosociotypes

Psychosociotype of personality is an innate mental structure that determines specific type information exchange of the individual with the environment, depending on the level of development of mental functions such as emotions, sensations, intuition and thinking, and the specifics of preferences: extraversion or introversion. The basis for identifying psychotypes is personality typology, developed K. Jung (which was already discussed in the previous chapter).

C. Jung argued that the obvious differences in people's behavior are determined by different preferences, which are revealed very early, forming the basis of our special individuality.

There are four main preferences:

· The first has to do with where a person gets his energy from - from the outside world (extroverted) or from within himself (introverted);

· The second is related to how a person collects information about the world - verbatim and sequentially, relying on current real sensations (sensory-sensing) or more arbitrarily, trusting his intuition (intuitive);

· The third relates to how a person makes decisions - objectively and impartially, carefully thinking through everything, analyzing and planning (mental-logical) or subjectively and interpersonally, at the behest of feelings (emotional-feeling);

· The fourth has to do with a person’s lifestyle - whether a person is capable of being decisive and methodical (decisive, rational type) or a compliant, flexible, spontaneous, somewhat spontaneous person (perceiving, emotional type).

According to C. Jung's typology, people can be divided into types according to the following characteristics:

1.extroversion - introversion;

2.rational - irrational;

.thinking type (logician) - emotional type (ethicist);

.sensing type (sensory) - intuitive type (intuit).

It should be noted that the thinking, emotional, intuitive, sensing types will manifest themselves in unique functions depending on a person’s extraversion or introversion.

So, according to typology of K. JungThe most popular currently is the division into such socio-psychological types as: extroverts, introverts, emotionally unstable, emotionally stable.

Emotionally unstable people are those who live in a state of emotional tension and constant fear, who cannot relax, and deeply experience any troubles.

Emotionally stable People - in contrast unstable type, very balanced, calm, but at the same time unable to sympathize with other people.

The above personality types are usually combined in one person, but depending on the predominance of certain qualities, personality types are distinguished in social psychology, which we also know as - melancholic, choleric, sanguine and phlegmatic (according to the typology of temperament).

3.2 Typology of temperaments I.P. Pavlova

Temperament- these are those innate human characteristics that determine the dynamic characteristics of the intensity and speed of reaction, the degree of emotional excitability and balance, and the characteristics of adaptation to the environment.

Attempts have long been made to reduce the almost infinite variety of individual characteristics to a small number of typical portraits.

Academician I.P. Pavlov studied the physiological basis of temperament, drawing attention to the dependence of temperament on the type of nervous system. He showed that two main nervous processes - excitation and inhibition - reflect the activity of the brain. From birth, they are all different: in strength, mutual balance, mobility. Depending on the relationship between these properties of the nervous system, Pavlov identified four main types of higher nervous activity:

) “unrestrained” - a strong, mobile, unbalanced type of nervous system

corresponds to the temperament of a choleric person;

) “alive” - a strong, mobile, balanced type of nervous system

corresponds to the temperament of a sanguine person;

) “calm” - a strong, balanced, inert type of nervous system

corresponds to the phlegmatic temperament;

) “weak” - weak, unbalanced, sedentary type of nervous system

corresponds to the temperament of a melancholic person.

Choleric -This is a person whose nervous system is determined by the predominance of excitation over inhibition, as a result of which he reacts very quickly, often thoughtlessly, shows impatience, abruptness of movements, hot temper, and lack of restraint. The alternation of positive cycles of uplifting mood and energy with negative cycles of decline and depression causes uneven behavior and well-being, and an increased susceptibility to neurotic breakdowns and conflicts with people.

Sanguine- a person with a strong, balanced, agile nervous system, has a quick reaction, his actions are deliberate; cheerful, due to which he is characterized by high resistance to life’s difficulties. The mobility of his nervous system determines the variability of feelings, attachments, interests, views, and easy adaptability to new conditions. This is a sociable person, a productive worker if he is interested, i.e. with constant excitement. IN stressful situation exhibits a “lion reaction”, i.e. actively, deliberately defends himself.

Phlegmatic -a person with a strong, balanced, but inert nervous system, as a result of which he reacts slowly; shows emotions slowly, is taciturn, has a high performance capacity, resists strong and prolonged stimuli and difficulties well, but is not able to react quickly in unexpected, new situations. He firmly remembers everything he has learned and is not able to give up acquired skills and stereotypes. In a stressful situation, he remains outwardly calm.

Melancholic- a person with a weak nervous system, who has increased sensitivity even to weak stimuli, and a strong stimulus can cause him to have a “breakdown,” “stopper,” and confusion. Increased sensitivity leads to rapid fatigue and decreased performance. His mood is very changeable, he is often sad, depressed, unsure of himself, and anxious. Melancholic people are susceptible to neurotic disorders. However, having a highly sensitive nervous system, melancholic people often have pronounced artistic and intellectual abilities.

Temperament- This external manifestation type of higher nervous activity of a person, and therefore, as a result of education, self-education, this external manifestation can be distorted, changed, and “masking” of the true temperament occurs. Therefore, “pure” types of temperament are rarely found, and yet the predominance of one or another tendency is always manifested in human behavior. In behavioral communication, it is possible and necessary to anticipate the peculiarities of the reaction of persons with different types of temperament and respond adequately to them. It should be noted that temperament determines only dynamic, but not meaningful characteristics of behavior.

3.3 Constitutional typologies of E. Kretschmer

The German psychologist E. Kretschmer (1888-1964) in his famous book “Body Structure and Character” tried to find the connections that exist between the structure of a person’s body and his mental make-up.

According to E. Kretschmer, there are only four main variants of human anatomy, found not only in their pure form, but also in various combinations.

1. Asthenic type -a person of fragile build, with a flat chest, narrow shoulders, elongated and fragile limbs, an elongated face, but a highly developed nervous system and brain.

2. Picnic -differs in the development of the internal planes of the body (head, chest, abdomen) and the tendency of the torso to become obese with a weak motor system. Average height, dense figure, soft wide face on a short massive neck, solid, massive belly.

. Athletic -determines the development of a strong skeleton, pronounced muscles, and a proportional, strong physique. The athletic type is characterized by strong development of the skeleton and muscles, elastic skin, powerful chest, broad shoulders, and confident posture.

. Diplastic -a person with an irregular physique.

Kretschmer correlated certain personality types with the identified types of body structure. According to Kretschmer, asthenic physique It has schizothymic.

He is closed, prone to reflection, to abstraction, has difficulty adapting to the environment, is sensitive, vulnerable. In schizothymic people, there is an oscillation between sensitivity and coldness, between acuteness and dullness of feelings.

Picnic physique It has cyclothymic, his emotions fluctuate between joy and sadness, he is sociable, frank, good-natured, and realistic in his views.

Athletic build have iskotimiki,they come in two types: energetic, sharp, self-confident, aggressive, with restrained gestures and facial expressions, and low flexibility of thinking.

If we use the traditional names of temperaments, then it is easy to notice that melancholic people predominantly have a fragile asthenic physique, choleric people - mainly in transitional gradations from athletic to asthenic physique, phlegmatic people - in transitional gradations from athletic to pyknic, sanguine people - predominantly pyknic physique.

.4 K. Horney's typology based on different needs for communication

American psychologist K. Horney, depending on the attitude to communication with other people, identified three psychological personality types:

· "Attachment type"- a person has an increased need for communication, the most important thing for him is to be loved, respected, for someone to take care of him - such a person approaches the assessment of another person with the question: “Will he love and care for me?”

· "Aggressive type"- typical attitude towards other people as a means of achieving their goals - such people strive to dominate, do not tolerate objections, consider another person from this point of view: “Will he be useful to me?”

· "Aloof Type"- for such people a certain emotional distance from other people is necessary, because they view communication as a necessary evil, are not inclined to participate in group activities and believe that recognition should be ensured to them based on their merits; When dating other people, they secretly ask themselves the question: “Will he leave me alone?”

3.5 Typology based relationship between human behavior and internal motives

Depending on the relationship between a person’s behavior and internal motives, three personality types are distinguished:

1. Harmonic personality- there are no conflicts between behavior and internal motives: desires, moral principles, sense of duty and real behavior people are harmoniously combined with each other, have a social orientation and adequacy;

2. Conflict, contradictory personality- there is an inherent discord between behavior and motives, i.e. actions that contradict desires;

3. Impulsive personality- acts only according to his own desire, or, if a person does not have clearly expressed desires, then he acts in accordance with influences from the outside, - a “weather vane” person who acts in accordance with the immediate situation, although he can mask his inconsistency with efficiency, democratic collegiality .

3.6 A. Adler’s typology Personality types: attitudes associated with lifestyles

Adler notes that the consistency of our personality throughout life is explained by lifestyle. The basic orientation towards the outside world is also determined by lifestyle. The true form of a lifestyle can be recognized by knowing what paths and methods a person uses to solve the main problems of life: work, friendship, love.

Adler developed a typology of attitudes determined by lifestyles (depending on how the main life tasks are solved, depending on the level of social interest and the degree of human activity). Social interest is a feeling of empathy for all people, and it is expressed in cooperation with others for the sake of common success rather than for personal gain. Social interest is the main criterion of a person’s psychological maturity; its opposite is selfish interest.

The degree of activity has to do with how a person approaches life's problems and how high his energy level is. The degree of activity plays a constructive or destructive role only in combination with social interest.

In case of insufficiently expressed social interest, the following types of personalities are possible (depending on the level of activity):

· Control type- These are self-confident and assertive people, with little social interest. They are active, but not socially, they are indifferent to the well-being of others and are characterized by an attitude of superiority over the outside world. They solve the main problems of life in a hostile, antisocial way (offenders, drug addicts, etc.)

· Avoidant type- these people do not have sufficient social interest, do not have the proper activity necessary to solve their own problems, they are afraid of failures and shy away from solving life’s problems.

· Socially useful type- this is a mature, full-fledged personality, it combines a high degree of social interest and high level activity. This person genuinely cares about others and is interested in communicating and interacting with others. He approaches the solution of life's problems consciously and responsibly.

3.7 Typology “Locus of Control”

In recent years, personality typology associated with the scale “ locus of control »

One of the most important characteristics of a person is the degree of independence, independence and activity of a person in achieving his goals, the development of personal responsibility for the events that happen to him.

Methods for studying this characteristic were first developed in the 60s of the last century in the USA. The most famous is the “locus of control” scale by D. Rotter. This scale is based on position: people differ among themselves in where they localize control over events that are significant to them. There are two possible loci of control and, accordingly, two types of people:

1. Externships- when a person believes that the events happening to him are the result external forces, case, circumstances, actions of other people, etc.;

2. Internals- when a person interprets significant events as the result of his own efforts. The internals believe that the majority important events their lives were the result of their own actions, and feel their own responsibility for these events and for how their lives turn out in general.

A person of the “internal” type is more often a “winner” in life, an external person is a “loser”, they have different life scenarios, different attitudes towards themselves and other people.

At the same time, externality / internality are not mutually exclusive, but are associated with cultural traditions: Eastern culture contributes to the formation of an external personality type, western culture- internal. Internality is associated with the deep development of personal responsibility. This is very well shown in the study of K. Muzdybaev.

Conclusion

Personality is the object of a number of sciences and, being complex, multifaceted social phenomenon, requires a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach (philosophical-sociological, socio-psychological, etc.).

In a broad sense, human personality is an integral integrity of biogenic, sociogenic and psychogenic elements.

Man is an active being. Having become involved in the system of social relations and changing in the process of activity, a person acquires personal qualities and becomes a social subject.

Thus, personality -this is a specific person who is a representative of a certain state, society and group (social, ethnic, religious, political, gender, age, etc.), aware of his relationship to the people around him and social reality, included in all relations of the latter and engaged in a unique type of activity and endowed with specific individual and socio-psychological characteristics.

The main socio-psychological characteristics of the individual are determined by:

) the degree of integrity and inconsistency of worldview and beliefs;

) the degree of awareness of one’s place in society;

) the nature of needs and interests;

) specificity of the relationship between different personal qualities.

Personal development is determined by various factors. These usually include: the unique physiology of higher nervous activity, anatomical and physiological features, environment and society, socially beneficial activities. The effectiveness of a correct understanding of all individual and social actions and behavior of a person depends on how much we know them and take into account the specifics of their manifestation. In the process of interaction and communication, individuals mutually influence each other, as a result of which a commonality in views, social attitudes and other types of relationships is formed.

Literature

1.Ananyev B.G. Man as an object of knowledge. L., 1968.-214 p.

2.Adler A. Understand human nature. St. Petersburg, 1997.

.Asmolov A.G. Personality as a subject psychological analysis. M., 1988. - 124 p.

.Kon I.S. Sociology of personality. M.: Politizdat, 1967.- 243 p.

.Kovalev A.G. Psychology of Personality. M., 1970. -211 p.

.Leontyev A.N. Activity. Consciousness. Personality. M., 1975.-186 p.

.Maklakov A.G. General psychology - Textbook for universities - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2006. - 470 p.

.Platonov K.K. Personality as a socio-psychological phenomenon // Social psychology. M., 1975. -212 p.

.Rubinshtein S.L. Fundamentals of general psychology. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2006. -511-641 p.

.Shorokhova E.V. Social-psychological understanding of personality // Methodological problems of social psychology. M., 1975-178 p.

Footnotes in the text of the work

Kon I.S. Sociology of personality. M.: Politizdat, 1967.- 243 p.

Maklakov A.G. General psychology - Textbook for universities - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2006. - 470s.

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The entire population of the planet can be divided into a certain number of groups, distinguishable from each other by the nature of behavior and reaction to environmental stimuli. The ability to determine personality psychotypes will help to make the most of a person’s potential, prudently avoiding acute contradictions. This knowledge is indispensable for work team leaders and private entrepreneurs.

Psychotype - what is it?

Distinctive features of a person’s behavior, his attitude to life, events, and reaction to stimuli form a specific type of personality. Of course, all people are different, but their worldview and interaction with others is determined by the psychotype characteristic of each.

This template approach was used in the pseudo-scientific concept - socionics. By passing a psychotype test and answering simple questions, each person can check how well he or she corresponds to a particular type. It cannot be completely guaranteed that several types cannot coexist in one person at once. social behavior. The percentage of such unique individuals is not so large, so it may well be considered an error that socionics allows in its definitions.

Psychotypes are not formed by upbringing or education. This difference is inherent in a person from the very beginning and remains constant throughout his life. Moreover, it imposes on him features in gestures, facial expressions, and appearance. That is why everyone can meet in another corner of the planet a person who has a striking resemblance to him. People will be different: language, skin color, height or weight may differ. In this case, the similarity of facial features, gaze, gestures, perhaps even manner of speaking will be visible. This circumstance makes it possible to divide humanity into groups that have psychotypes of personality peculiar only to them.

Differences in psychotypes by gender

Gender imposes on an individual a completely different perception of reality. It’s no secret that women are more attentive to details and the world around them, they notice and remember everything. At the same time, they often cannot discern the whole behind the details and see the full picture.

Men - in contrast - have the ability to view the world more broadly, which gives them the ability to analyze the issue more globally. At the same time, they are simply indifferent to details and do not notice what the ladies are touched by.

This difference puts its own spin on the psychotypes of women. As a result, all of them can be strengthened by the following differences:

• Eternal mother. Such women always care and look after someone. They occupy leading positions in the family.
• Activist. They prefer to live for themselves. These are strong and independent women who require attention and care.
• Altruist. She builds her world around her beloved man, whose interests come first for her.
• Daughter. This type cannot live without care and guardianship. In life, only one’s own interests prevail. Usually spoiled.

Psychotypes of men also have an additional color due to their gender:

• Father. Everything is under control. In the family, he demands unquestioning obedience. Avoids admitting mistakes and making compromises.
• Activist. He seeks profit everywhere and in everything, including marriage. Loves risk. The priority is your desires.
• Altruist. A businessman, for him family comes first. He surrounds her with his care and attention.
• Son. Proud and selfish - an eternal child. Lives one day at a time, prone to squandering.

Definition of psychotype

In 1968, German professor of psychiatry Karl Leonhard developed a classification of the main characteristic features personality. Since then, socionics began to take shape. Psychological personality types can be determined by conducting tests. Questions that are not related to each other allow us to identify the characteristics of a person’s behavior. The more questions in the tests, the more accurately one can determine the characteristics of a person’s behavior. And also his belonging to one type or another. On average, standardized tests contain more than 80 questions.

Below we will look at the main psychological groups that were formulated by the Soviet psychiatrist Andrei Lichko. Having carefully studied the information presented, everyone will be able to independently find out what psychological type they are predisposed to. And for this you don’t need to take a tedious psychotype test.

Paranoid

Carriers of this type have a high sense of purpose. In pursuit of a goal, they are able to show disdain for the interests of the people around them. Already from a young age, having determined for themselves the main task in life, they are ready to neglect their own well-being, to give up many joys in life in order to fulfill their plans.

Typically, carriers of this psychotype are highly energetic and independent people. When in contact with others, they show increased categoricalness, which can offend or humiliate the interlocutor. In addition, such people are usually characterized by increased irritability, which easily turns into anger. They lack compassion for others and are prone to authoritarianism.

Due to their existing character traits, they prefer individual work, where there is no need to look back at the team in their decisions. Such people have increased creativity when solving complex issues. Large projects and ideas are easily born in their heads.

Epileptoid

From early childhood, such people show increased accuracy and thrift towards the things around them. They are reliable and efficient. For them, being late for a meeting is like death. Able to actively defend their position. The offender should not hope that epileptoids will leave their prank unanswered.

These are real friends. They practically never have casual acquaintances. However, they are not able to forgive betrayal.

They are conservative and energetic. They organize and arrange not only the things around them, but also people. At the same time, they do it energetically and purposefully. In extreme situations they are not lacking in courage. This quality in everyday life is expressed in the violent manifestation of anger over the most insignificant occasion and intolerance for minor mistakes or shortcomings.

Hypertim

The characteristics of the psychotype are characterized by inexhaustible optimism, generosity, energy and cheerfulness under any circumstances. Such people can show familiarity, frivolity, and are prone to unjustified risks. At the same time, they are disorganized, and their superficial attitude towards everything makes them incapable of monotonous routine work that requires increased concentration.

Loneliness and idleness lead them to a depressed state. Perhaps that is why they are the center of any company, turning a meeting of friends into endless fun.

Despite their penchant for adventurism, they show humanity and kindness towards others. They do not hold grudges for insults inflicted on them; they very quickly forget about them altogether.

It is typical for hyperthyms to imitate vigorous and productive work. Amazingly, this quality helps them successfully move up the ladder. career ladder, despite the superficial attitude. They are wonderful starters of new projects and directions. But as soon as things settle into a stable, measured course, hyperthyms will leave this activity at the first opportunity in search of a new one.

Hysteroid

People belonging to this psychological group of socionics always want to be in the center of attention. An innate craving for demonstrative behavior forces these people to achieve what they want in any way. It doesn't matter to them what shade their fame will be. Carriers of this type capable of intrigue and hypocrisy. They have high self-esteem. Unjustified risk for them is, first of all, playing for the public.

At the same time, they have qualities that other psychotypes possess. A hysterical person can be characterized by the following qualities:

• Perseverance and activity.
• Initiative.
• Communication skills, outstanding organizational skills.

These are people marked by talent. Many realize themselves in creative professions.

Schizoid

They have an extraordinary analytical mind. At the same time, they are withdrawn and lead a leisurely and detached lifestyle. They contact with a small circle of selected people, usually older. They can be successful because they are initially endowed with abilities and talent. They have their own view of ordinary things, which differs from the generally accepted assessment. They love loneliness, but need at least one person who can understand and accept them.

Psychasthenoid

These are suspicious and insecure people. They constantly worry about their lives and the fate of those around them and loved ones. Owners of a wide variety of phobias: from fear of the dark to verminophobia. They are afraid of responsibility and decision making.

They are conscientious and efficient, reliable and self-critical. They are capable of fearing the future that they invent themselves. This is a unique feature that other psychotypes lack.

Sensitive

Sensitive and impressionable, homebodies. They have calmness, a sense of duty, highly disciplined and responsible people. They are demanding and objective towards themselves, while at the same time capable of self-deprecation. They are kind and attentive to the people around them.

Under extraordinary circumstances, they become confused and lose self-control. A good relationship with others are a priority rule for them.

Hypotim

A distinctive feature of this type is the constant manifestation of dissatisfaction for any reason. Vulnerable and touchy, very suspicious. Therefore, they treat others with caution, constantly expecting some kind of threat from them. They prefer a closed circle of communication and are homebodies.

These types of people like to constantly complain about life circumstances or tell stories about difficult situations In my life. Therefore, despite constant complaints to others, they are in dire need of them.

Conformal type

They easily fall under the influence and dependence of other people. They are incapable of criticism. They prefer everything that is statistically average - views, behavior, clothes, etc. Due to their complete inconsistency, owners of the conformal type never conflict with others. Friendly and efficient. They make contact easily. A radical change in the foundations of life is unbearable for them.

Unstable type

Conformal and unstable human psychotypes have much in common. The difference between the latter lies in the impermanence in everything. Such people are talkative and always stick their nose into things that aren’t their own. They quickly lose interest in everything they encounter. These people prefer to live for today and are not able to think about the future.

Asthenic

These people tend to be irritated by something most of the time. They are characterized by low vital energy and poor ability to remember. There is a lack of initiative due to constant anxiety and fear of making a mistake.

At the same time, they are neat, efficient, modest and disciplined. They are afraid of close relationships, but are friendly and quickly forget grievances. They are characterized by great attachment to things.

Labile type

The slightest reason contributes to a sharp change in mood. They are affectionate and sensitive. Sincere and responsive people. People who are characterized by such psychotypes of behavior are characterized by irritability and hot temper. At the same time, they have highly developed intuition, and they are able to well understand the character of those around them.

Cycloid

Initiative, sociable, cheerful. The mood of such people is constantly changing, regardless of the world around them. They are also characterized by irritability and inconsistency in their actions and judgments. They take criticism harshly, although they understand their shortcomings. Due to constant mood swings, they often spoil relationships with people who are dear to them, but they cannot do anything about their nature, from which they suffer greatly.

The human psychotypes listed above can be pronounced and, conversely, practically invisible to others. The important thing is that no matter how much a person works on himself, he does not have the opportunity to change his psychological behavior.

Description of psychotypes makes it possible to identify your weaknesses and strengths, which, with a systematic approach, will help you avoid negative consequences, related to the interaction of man and the surrounding world, and organically fit into modern society.

We've been doing this since childhood, but it's a waste of time. You just need to know that there are human psychotypes, then identify yours and come to terms with them. This can't be fixed. Knowing the psychotype of your interlocutor, you can easily adapt to his style of communication and accept him for who he is.

What are they like?

So, human psychotypes are of four types. They are familiar to many: choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine and are established from birth and are practically resistant to change with age. A person can understand himself and accept the surrounding reality, but this will not change his temperament. A choleric person may learn to hide his emotions, but he will not stop being a choleric person. Now try to recognize yourself in the following descriptions.

You are choleric if...

You are not afraid to show your emotions, your mood often changes. You move sharply and quickly, talk loudly. You grab onto a new business, but soon give it up. You quickly become exhausted, wasting energy on trifles. You do not tolerate monotony; you can quickly get bored with any task. First of all, you value communication with people, although many acquaintances consider you an unbalanced person, but strong and powerful.

You are sanguine if...

You are full of vitality and energy, it is pleasant for everyone around you to communicate with you. Your emotions are very bright and strong, but do not carry negativity. There is harmony and tranquility within you. You are a broad-minded person, you experience any trouble easily and forget grievances quickly. You work with passion, for a long time, trying to do everything at once. You often change your occupation, and you are in a good mood. You have many friends, you speak quickly and loudly, in this you are very similar to choleric people.

Are you melancholic if...

You are sad and waste sadness around you. You are very vulnerable, even with a small trifle. Anything can hurt you to the core. You are of thin build, constantly fussing, nervous, and do not know how to control your own emotions. You are very impressionable, you believe everyone around you, but at the same time you are very afraid of being disappointed in people and are constantly disappointed. You believe in horoscopes, predictions, and often visit doctors with or without reason. You have difficulty making decisions, preferring to follow the orders of your boss.

Are you a phlegmatic person if...

You are leisurely and do not show emotions. Your speech is monotonous and homogeneous, it is difficult to communicate with you, you are closed and reserved. You accumulate negativity for a long time in order to suddenly throw it out on someone. Friends say about you that you are a thorough person. Your actions convey confidence and determination. Although decisions are difficult, they are final and there is no turning back. Everything new causes a state of discomfort; you avoid awkward situations and new acquaintances.

Fifth type

Of course, human psychotypes are mixed in each of us in different proportions. Some are more phlegmatic with a touch of sanguine, others are choleric-melancholic. Few people fit perfectly into just one description. 4 human psychotypes are mixed, and this temperament is laid down at birth. So we can say with confidence that we all have the fifth type, mixed.

How to determine a person’s psychotype

There are many tests to find out who you really are. Here is the simplest one. There are 5 shapes in front of you: square, circle, triangle, rectangle and zigzag. Choose the one that suits you best. So, square people are good performers, triangles are leaders, circles are good friends, zigzags are creative individuals, and rectangles are doubtful natures. Human psychotypes are a complex branch of psychology, which includes many aspects, but you can understand yourself throughout your life; it will never cease to be interesting and informative.