All types of sewer pipes. Pipes for internal sewerage in the house: a comparative overview of modern types of pipes. Asbestos-cement, concrete and reinforced concrete types of pipes for sewerage

The main sewer system is complex engineering system, designed to ensure the collection and disposal of household wastewater to central treatment facilities. Main sewerage systems include both gravity and pressure pipelines, collectors, pumping stations, wastewater treatment plants.

The principle of operation of the main sewer system is identical to the standard local wastewater removal system, the only differences are in the size and volume of wastewater received and treated, as well as the diameter of the pipes - the closer the pipe is to the central collector, the correspondingly larger the diameter. As a rule, sewer pipes are laid with a slight slope towards treatment facilities so that wastewater moves through them by gravity. But when arranging a main sewer system, this is not always possible, since the requirements for the construction of buildings sometimes contradict the rules for laying sewer systems; in such cases, pipes are laid higher or lower required level, and the movement of wastewater to treatment facilities is carried out using a pump.

After passing through the entire sewer system, wastewater enters biological wastewater treatment systems, where main wastewater treatment is carried out through fermentation accelerated with the help of chemical reagents.

An alternative centralized systems sewers are local treatment facilities that use the method of treating household wastewater using aerobic bacteria and microorganisms. The LOK station is a large container made of high-strength fiberglass, divided into three compartments. In the first compartment, wastewater is purified from mechanical impurities by sedimentation; in the second, biological treatment with the help of aerobic bacteria, for which air is forced into the container - as a result, sludge forms in the compartment, which is periodically pumped out with a special pump. Sludge is completely safe and can be used as fertilizer for plants. From the third compartment of the tank, already purified water flows into drainage ditches or is used for irrigation.

Installation and installation of LOK treatment facilities does not require special skills and can be carried out independently thanks to small sizes stations.

You can buy local treatment facilities both for arranging the sewer system of a private house and for organizing sewer system small village - you just need to correctly determine the required throughput stations.

Choosing treatment plants for country house, it is necessary to take into account the number of residents, the volume and composition of household wastewater, the type of soil, the depth of freezing, as well as the depth of groundwater.

No special permit is required to install a local treatment plant; the main thing is to have a certificate from Rospotrebnadzor, as well as accompanying documentation - installation instructions and operating rules.

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Kinds sewer pipes and connections and connections: from the toilet to the chemical plant

Dear reader, what types of sewer pipes and connections do you know? The only thing that probably comes to mind in your mind is the gray PVC pipe with the O-ring; those who happened to live in old buildings will remember cast iron risers with sockets sealed with... judging by their appearance - rust and dirt.

In this article I will try to introduce you to the types of sewerage and methods of its installation in more detail.

Gray cast iron

Traditional material had no alternatives in the construction of domestic sewerage just four to five decades ago. The risers, beds (horizontal sewer branches), combs (in-apartment wiring), outlets to the well and everything were made of cast iron. external network, with the exception of collectors.

Now cast iron sewerage has been practically replaced by the ubiquitous plastic; When overhauling buildings, it is massively changed to PVC and polypropylene.

What's wrong with cast iron?

Peculiarities

• Both the pipes and the fittings are very heavy. The fragility of the metal has to be compensated by the significant thickness of the walls. In order not to be unfounded, I will give a lot linear meter pipes of the most common sizes:

Sometimes plumbers say words that are not accepted in polite society. Transportation of cast iron pipes to upper floors- in the list of leaders in the number of unflattering epithets.

• Over time, cast iron becomes brittle. The reasons are corrosion and limited resistance to aggressive wastewater. After 30 - 40 years of operation, risers and beds gradually begin to crumble. The sockets undergoing significant loads are given first;

• The price of pipes is far from budget. Let's say a two-meter pipe with a diameter of 100 mm costs about 1,500 rubles. For comparison, a PVC product of the same size will cost 4-5 times less;
• Finally, the main thing: both installation and dismantling cast iron sewer- the process is long and difficult. About it - in a separate subsection.

Connections

The socket of a cast iron sewer is usually sealed by chasing and then sealed cement mortar. The sealing material used is a heel - a material reminiscent of roughly twisted hemp rope impregnated with bitumen. Minting is done like this:

There are a few more things to know about joining cast iron pipes.

• Homemade coinage can be made by flattening a thin steel tube at one end and bending it into a Z shape;
• Instead of chasing, you can use a wide screwdriver;
• If possible, it is better to replace the heel with a more durable graphite oil seal;
• The solution for sealing the socket is prepared in the proportion of 1 part cement to 1 part sand. Pure cement can also be used;
• In order to disassemble a socket joint, you must first destroy its seal. For this purpose I usually use a strong, wide screwdriver and a hammer;
• Sometimes builders use molten sulfur to seal sockets. To disassemble such a bell, you will have to heat it with a hairdryer or blowtorch. A respirator is required for this work: the fumes are so caustic that they are quite capable of causing respiratory paralysis.

ductile iron

Peculiarities

What is ductile iron?

Ductile graphite nodular cast iron is gray cast iron modified with magnesium.

As is known, cast iron differs from steel in its high carbon content (mainly in the form of graphite plates). During the modification process, these plates turn into miniature balls, which dramatically changes physical properties material: it acquires the characteristic ductility and toughness of steel, while maintaining high resistance to corrosion.

As a result, ductile iron pipes:

• Not afraid of blows;
• Do not crack under deforming loads;
• They have a service life of 80 years or more.

The only manufacturer of ductile iron pipes in Russia is the Lipetsk plant “Svobodny Sokol”. Its pipes are provided with an external coating of zinc and bitumen mastic; Inside, protection is provided by a cement-sand coating. The products are used for external sewer networks, as well as for water, heat supply and the needs of the oil industry.

Connections

All products of the Svobodny Sokol plant are socket pipes with rubber ring seals. Installation does not require caulking or any other Additional materials: just insert the pipe into the socket and you can move on to the next connection.

Don’t rush to rejoice: the instructions for assembling the connection are simple, but its implementation is not so much. The fact is that with a sewer diameter of over 250 - 300 mm, the force required for joining can reach tens or even hundreds of kilograms. Obviously, it is impossible to assemble such a bell with your own hands.

In practice, when assembling pipelines, the following are used:

• Clamps and levers that allow you to increase mechanical force many times over;
• Loading equipment. Simply put, the excavator bucket forces the pipe into the socket through a wooden spacer.

Plastics

The vast majority of sewer pipes and fittings currently produced and sold are made of plastics. The most popular are polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene and polyethylene.

General Features

Why are plastics so attractive?

• All of them are dielectrics. You can forget about electrochemical corrosion;
• All listed plastics are resistant to aggressive environments and biologically active wastes. Solutions of acids and alkalis, household detergents and fecal water does not affect their service life;
• By the way, about it: the service life is estimated at a vague “50+ years”. In practice, I have never seen a plastic sewer pipe with signs of aging. I have a strong suspicion that plastic sewer in my house will outlive all family members;
• I have already mentioned the cost of pipes and fittings above: compared to cast iron products, it is ridiculous;

• The inner surface of the pipes remains smooth throughout the entire period of operation, does not become overgrown with deposits and does not contribute to an increase in the hydraulic resistance of the pipeline. Hence - fewer blockages;
• Most socket pipes are characterized by extremely simple installation. However, more about him a little later.

The main disadvantage of plastic is its acoustic characteristics: owners of a riser made from these pipes can schedule visits from all neighbors. The problem, however, is easily solved by constructing a box or any roll insulation.

Varieties

Not all plastics are equally useful in different conditions: Each of them has its own characteristics.

• HDPE sewer pipe(made of polyethylene low pressure) and LDPE (polyethylene high pressure, characterized by slightly lower mechanical strength) is elastic and has minimal heat resistance. Already at a temperature of 60C, polyethylene begins to deform. This is why polyethylene sewerage is not very popular;

All other properties of the material are worthy of all praise.
Polyethylene sewage perfectly tolerates freezing of drains: it only stretches a little and after the ice melts it returns to its previous size.
In addition, this plastic dampens noise to a great extent. better than PVC and polypropylene - both due to the greater wall thickness and due to its own elasticity.

• PP sewer pipes(polypropylene), on the contrary, can withstand long-term heating up to 80C and short-term heating up to 95. Polypropylene has greater rigidity compared to other plastics with minimal weight: its specific gravity is only 0.91 g/cm3;
• PVC is approximately in the middle in terms of its properties: moderately durable, moderately heat-resistant. The reason for its popularity is precisely that it provides an optimal balance between consumer properties and price.

In addition to the type of plastic, pipe for various purposes differ by color marking.

1. The gray pipe is for internal sewerage. Typical wall thickness is 2.7 mm;
2. Sewerage white- These are, as a rule, silent pipes. They are distinguished by increased wall thickness (3.4 mm) and a multilayer structure with a middle layer of increased density. White pipe reduces noise level by 30 - 50% relative to gray;

1. The red sewer pipe is designed for outdoor installation. It is distinguished by increased annular rigidity, which allows it to withstand soil pressure.

A separate point worth mentioning corrugated pipes For external sewerage. For their production, polyethylene and polypropylene are used; Corrugation again provides increased ring stiffness with minimal weight. It is curious that these products have a two-layer structure: the inner shell is made smooth, without corrugation, which ensures minimal hydraulic resistance and absence.

Connections

Bell pipes with rubber seals are assembled manually, without any additional equipment or materials. The procedure is as follows:

To cut PVC or polypropylene pipes and chamfer, I use a grinder with any abrasive wheel. Burrs are removed sharp knife. If the pipe does not fit into the socket, it is enough to soap its inner surface or the end of the pipe from the outside.

Polyethylene pipes can only be cut with a hacksaw. When abrasively cutting, polyethylene melts.

Corrugated outer pipes are connected using the same rubber seals: the ring is inserted into the second (for diameters up to 200 mm inclusive) or first cavity between the corrugation ribs. To facilitate assembly and ensure tightness, it is applied to the pipe. Silicone Grease. The connection is carried out using the same methods as in the case of ductile iron pipes.

When installing pressure sewer systems, along with rubber seals, adhesive joints are used. PVC adhesive is a solution of this polymer in tetrahydrofuran, dichloroethane, cyclohexanone or dimethylformamide. It is volatile and extremely toxic, so all work should be carried out with the windows open.

Pressure pipes for adhesive joints are installed as follows:

1. Glue is applied to the inner surface of the socket;
2. The pipe is inserted into it and turned a quarter turn;
3. The connection is fixed for 2 - 3 minutes.

Asbestos cement

Peculiarities

Asbestos-cement pipes are used exclusively for the installation of external sewerage. The asbestos fiber in them acts as reinforcement, making the material less brittle. However, asbestos cement still does not withstand shocks and displacements of soil layers.

Advantages of the material:

• Resistance to domestic and moderately aggressive industrial wastewater;
• Long service life (at least 50 years);
• Cheapness. Despite the material consumption (a pipe measuring 100 mm x 3.95 m weighs 26.5 kg), the material is even cheaper than PVC: the wholesale price of this same four-meter pipe is only 280 rubles;
• Possibility of laying pipelines with minor bends (up to 3 angular degrees per connection).

The main disadvantage is fragility. In my memory, pipe fractures occurred even under the sidewalk and lawns, not to mention the traffic zone of cars with their significant loads.

Connections

Modern asbestos-cement pipes are produced both with sockets and smooth, for connection with a coupling.

Bells and couplings are equipped with rubber sealing rings. Installation is no different from assembling a ductile iron pipeline.

Several decades earlier, other methods of sealing socket connections of gravity sewers were practiced:

• A heel sealing the socket with cement or mastic;

• Cement-sand mortar with the addition of liquid glass. Sodium or potassium liquid glass made the solution waterproof and accelerated its setting to 15 - 20 minutes.

Ceramics

Ceramic sewer pipes are made from raw and fireclay clay by extrusion, drying and subsequent firing at temperatures up to 1250 degrees. Nominal diameter - from 150 to 1400 mm (diameters over 600 mm are offered by manufacturers at the request of the consumer and are not available for free sale).

Peculiarities

The material has all the properties characteristic of ceramics:

• High ring rigidity;
• Resistance to high temperatures and their differences over a significant range;
• The ability to transport aggressive wastewater, including concentrated solutions of alkalis and acids, without harm.

Prices... the word “horse” cannot be called literary, but it exhaustively characterizes the situation. Here is a fragment of the price list for Steinzeug Keramo products.

The characteristics of the material and the pricing policy of manufacturers limit the use of ceramics to specific areas - transportation of high-temperature and aggressive wastewater. Pipes are widely used in metallurgy and the chemical industry.

Connections

Some time ago during installation ceramic pipes seals were made of heel (“resin strand”) sealed with asphalt mastic or (in case of special requirements for temperature conditions) with greasy crumpled clay - soap.

Currently, ceramics are installed mainly using coupling and socket joints with an elastic seal; the technology is already familiar to us - the pipe is pressed into the socket using a lever with clamps or loading equipment.

There are two types of butt joints. F joints involve the use of rubber seals inside the sockets. Joints C are sealed with a sealant on the sleeve; it can be rubber or polyurethane.

Reinforced concrete

Peculiarities

Large mass reinforced concrete pipes limits their use to connections of wells (including storm sewers) and the construction of sewers. Service life is estimated at 30 - 50 years; The main problem is reinforcement corrosion. Loading equipment is used for installation.

Connections

For sealing socket joints they are used rubber seals; to protect them, the sockets are sealed cement-sand mortar.

The procedure for installing large-diameter reinforced concrete sewers is described in detail in one of the manuals for SNiP 3.07.03-85:

• The pipes are connected using a car or crawler crane located as close as possible to the edge of the trench;

• Before installation, it is installed in the groove of the socket sealing ring. The bell must first be cleared of debris and free from chips and other visible defects;
• The socket and sealing ring are pre-lubricated with graphite-glycerin lubricant or soap solution;
• After assembly, the socket is sealed with cement-sand mortar. To prevent the lock from collapsing when installing the next pipe, the sockets are sealed with a delay (3-4 pipes from the installation site).

For home, for family

There are so many types of pipes... it's easy to get confused. Which ones are better for home sewerage?

I would advise not to reinvent the wheel and take advantage of the experience of thousands of house and apartment owners:

• Orange PVC pipes and is used for external installation (discharge to a well or septic tank, connection of wells, etc.);

• Gray - also made of PVC - is used for internal networks. Everything else only entails increased costs without any tangible benefits.

Conclusion

I hope mine mini review materials and solutions used in sewer installation was quite informative. As always, you can learn more by watching the video in this article. Please feel free to add your comments to it.

Good luck, comrades!

If you want to express gratitude, add a clarification or objection, or ask the author something - add a comment or say thank you!

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Sewer pipes are integral element any sewerage system, and their role in the functioning of the systems cannot be underestimated. Pipes have been used for sewerage since very ancient times, but even today the situation has not changed much. Of course, with the advent modern materials it has become much easier to equip the sewer system, and even more High Quality easier to achieve, but the very principle of its operation remains the same.

Returning to sewer pipes, we can ask the question: what is generally required of sewer pipes? The main requirements for sewer pipes:

1. Long service life. There is nothing more unpleasant for residents than constant sewer pipe breaks. Not only will the characteristic smell escape, but also the likelihood of environmental poisoning becomes much higher.
2. High throughput. A pipeline break is an unpleasant event, but no one wants to clean out the sewer regularly either. To avoid possible blockages, the choice of pipes must be carried out wisely.

• high strength;
• good wear resistance;
• smooth inner surface;
• ability to work in different temperature conditions;
• ease of installation and low weight;
• low cost.

Types of sewer systems

An external sewer system takes wastewater from a building and carries it into the complex for storage or treatment, after which the illuminated water is discharged into a pond or other place intended for this purpose.

Exist different types sewer pipes, which especially applies to external systems: products may differ in diameter, material and even cross-sectional shape.

There are the following types of sewer pipes:

• lightweight: suitable for sewers installed at shallow depths and not subject to serious physical activity. As a rule, domestic sewerage is made from such pipes;
• medium: used on not very busy roads and under small buildings;
• heavy: laid under highways and large buildings.

Materials for sewer pipes

Today the market offers pipes made of the following materials:

• ceramics;
• cast iron;
• concrete;
• asbestos cement;
• plastic.

Each sewer pipe material requires detailed consideration. Knowledge of the characteristics of types of pipes will allow you to select the most appropriate products for a particular case: length, width, thickness, performance characteristics and indicators of pipes may vary depending on the material.

Ceramic and cast iron pipes for sewerage

1. Ceramic pipes. To make such pipes, clay with small admixtures of kaolin or fireclay is used. The products themselves are produced by firing, which gives them good mechanical strength. The pipes are coated with a special glaze on top, which provides resistance to aggressive chemicals, a certain water resistance and creates a smooth surface. Both sides of the pipe are treated with polyester resins, which make it possible to connect parts without using sealant. The disadvantages of ceramic pipes include heavy weight and high cost. In addition, transportation and installation of products will be difficult due to their fragility.
2. Cast iron pipes. Cast iron pipes are durable, high strength and resistant to temperature changes. The problem is the high weight of the products and their susceptibility to corrosion (more details: ""). Also, one cannot fail to mention the high cost of cast iron pipes. The inner walls are not smooth, so the products will become clogged quite quickly. Installation is also very problematic due to the weight and complex sealing.

Concrete and asbestos-cement pipes

1. Concrete pipes. The disadvantages of concrete pipes are obvious: heavy weight and, as a result, very inconvenient installation. Most often, concrete pipes are installed in external sewer systems. If you need to increase the strength of the product, you can find reinforced concrete type pipes
2. Asbestos cement pipes. The arsenal of advantages of such products includes: high chemical resistance, the ability to work at different temperatures, full resistance to corrosion, light weight and low cost. Working surface the pipes are not very smooth, and the fragility of asbestos-cement products speaks for itself. In addition, this sewer pipe material has a very bad effect on environment, so if alternatives are available, it is better to use them.

Plastic and fiberglass pipes

1. Polyvinyl chloride pipes (PVC). The products are easy to install, transport without problems, and withstand the effects of chemicals contained in sewage. In addition, the surface of all types plastic pipes absolutely smooth, which indicates their maximum throughput. The disadvantage of PVC pipes is the inability to operate at temperatures above 40 degrees Celsius. The marking of PVC sewer pipes is as follows: pipes for internal sewerage are marked gray, and for the outside - orange.
2. Polypropylene pipes(PP). Have all the advantages described above, but can work with high temperatures ah - up to 80 degrees, so they are often used to connect washing and dishwashers. Marked in grey. In addition to ordinary pipes, corrugated two-layer products are made from polypropylene, used in the construction of external sewer networks.
3. Polyethylene pipes (PVP). Made from polyethylene. Advantages: high strength, low weight, good flexibility, easy installation. In terms of their ability to work at high temperatures, they are between PP and PVC pipes. To equip external systems, two-layer and corrugated products are manufactured.
4. Fiberglass pipes. The main material for production is polyester resin, fiberglass reinforced. Positive traits fiberglass pipes: high mechanical strength, easy installation, ability to withstand temperature changes, resistance to chemicals, ease of transportation. The disadvantages of these products include very high cost and considerable weight.

Conclusion

From this article you could find out what sewer pipes are made of. It is impossible to give a clear answer to the question of which sewer pipes are better, since each situation requires a completely different type of material. Only one thing can be said for sure: the characteristics of products are mainly influenced by the material of sewer pipes.

The comfort of residents of an apartment or private house is impossible without a high-quality sewer system. Imported furniture and chic design in the rooms they have no weight if they leak sewer pipes. Therefore, before laying a water supply system, proper installation of PVC sewer pipes or cast iron structures is required. Let's consider the features of working with a plastic pipeline, since outlet communications are increasingly made of PVC. We'll tell you about the algorithm of work, share the secrets and tricks of professionals.

Selection of materials for sewerage

In 99% of cases, when installing sewer systems, plastic pipes (polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene) are used. Benefits of communications from synthetic materials– in lightness, ease of assembly, resistance to hydrothermal loads and corrosion, durability.

PVC products are most often used when laying sewers

Note: For sewer structures You can use plastic parts that are much thinner than for plumbing, since the pressure is lower.

Diameter is the key factor to consider. This value depends on the type of plumbing equipment. Minimum diameters:

• bidets and sinks – from 32-40 mm;
• showers and baths – from 50 mm;
• if more than one device is supposed to be connected to the pipe - from 70-85 mm;
• main risers – from 100 mm.

Before you begin installing sewer pipes with your own hands, draw up detailed diagram future communication system with calculations of consumables. Calculate the number and footage of parts and fittings.

Treat joints and fastening points with fittings with sealants for strength.

Using a common drain for several plumbing fixtures will save money and space in the room, and the result will be more aesthetically pleasing. Select the desired pipe diameter based on the recommendations above - sink, bathtub, washing machine can be connected to one pipe going to a common riser. The toilet must be connected directly to the riser - separately.

Preparatory work

It is possible to dismantle sewer pipes and lay new communications in a private house within a day to several days, in an apartment - from 1-2 to several hours. An illiterate approach and lack of a plan will drag out the event for weeks. Therefore, prepare thoroughly before starting work.

1. Determine the type, location and quantity of plumbing fixtures, pipes and fittings.
2. Make a diagram.
3. Calculate the stock additional details, necessary for the functioning of the system (meterage of the structure, consumption of mixtures and fittings, consider with a reserve).
4. If in the future you plan to install additional plumbing with sewer drain, it is rational to leave a branch with a plug for it. Otherwise, you will have to change the system and dismantle the sewer pipes again.
5. Buy consumables.
6. According to the diagram, calculate the length of the sections, cut the pipes, taking into account the dimensions of the purchased fittings.

When marking a PVC product, make marks around the entire circumference

How to cut and strip PVC pipes

To cut plastic parts, just as when installing cast iron sewer pipes, use a hacksaw.

Cutting algorithm:

1. Mark the location of the cut in a circle - this will ensure a smooth edge, which will ensure the tightness of the joints.
2. Cut strictly at a 90° angle.
3. Then trim the ends sandpaper or a knife.

Please note that waste system it is installed on a slope, since the sewage system works based on the force of gravity. Fix the slope with brackets on the walls. You need to buy them in advance along with other materials.

Installation of sewerage from PVC sections

To avoid leaks and inconsistencies, when assembling the sewer system, it is recommended to move in the direction from the riser to the plumbing fixtures.

Attach the PVC communication to the wall every 100 cm, this will prevent subsidence and breakage

Instructions for installing sewerage from plastic pipes:

1. Mark the axes of pipelines, places of fastening to walls and other surfaces.
2. Assemble fasteners from pipes, pipes and fittings using sealed rubber bands. Insert the parts into each other until they stop. Make sure that the surfaces to be bonded are clean. Dirt will break the seal of the connection. And this leads to leaks and the appearance of an unpleasant odor due to moisture condensation (at joints, from sinks, bathtubs and the sewer itself).
3. Connect the structural parts, check the horizontal and vertical to ensure that the fastenings are level and secure.
4. Fasten the products with clamps, lay horizontal structures to siphons and plumbing outlets.

Tip: to improve the tightness, craftsmen advise lubricating the ends of the segments with non-acidic sealants, soap solution, auto sealants or glycerin-based lubricants.

1. When the system is assembled, connect all the plumbing fixtures one by one, including siphons from the bathtub and sinks.

Rules for laying sewerage indoors

Try to reduce the number of joints and turns; seamless communication is more reliable and durable. Every fastening point is a potential threat of future leaks; turns increase the risk of blockages.

For quality results Follow the rules for installing sewer pipes:

1. When working with plumbing fixtures, take into account the characteristics of the material; each mixing unit has its own technology.
2. When calculating the diameter of products, take into account the slope angle and the number of connected devices. In the area of ​​connection to the riser, use a diameter of 100-150 mm.
3. Direct the sockets of the riser and horizontal sections towards the flow of wastewater.
4. If, before laying new communications, sewer pipes in an apartment or house were dismantled, use plastic parts of the same diameter as the old ones.
5. For horizontal wiring It is allowed to use a diameter of 100 mm, as in the case of a toilet riser; for other single fasteners, 50 mm is sufficient.
6. The slope of the system should be 4-7 cm per 1 m.
7. To prevent the sewer from sagging, attach sections to the walls every 100 cm.
8. Be sure to include fan ventilation in the drawing. This will help regulate the pressure in the drain compartments and eliminate unpleasant odors.

Preventing blockages in PVC pipes

Despite the fact that in the event of a breakdown, removing PVC pipes is easier than dismantling cast iron sewer pipes, this is a troublesome undertaking and costs money. To avoid having to tear down or replace installed communications in the event of a blockage, provide “cleanouts” with plugs. Another one preventive measure– additional vertical outlets for air check valves(a diameter of 50 mm is sufficient).

To clear possible blockages, leave the inspection with a plug - this will simplify access to the clogged area

Inspections with removable covers when installing pipes for external sewerage are installed every 15 m. For internal systems - at the junction of horizontal sections with a riser. This step will make it easier to clear the drain if it becomes clogged.

How to test your sewer

Upon completion of work, conduct leak tests of the sewer system.

Verification options:

• turn on all existing plumbing fixtures at the same time;
• Fill a bucket of water, pour it in one gulp into the sink, then into the bathtub.

During the inspection, examine all joints and connections. If no problems are found, the test is successful. If there are leaks, secure and re-treat. problem areas sealants or construction glue. After the insulating substances have dried, perform the tests again.

During tests, pay attention to joints and fastenings to fittings

Video: installation of plastic sewer pipes

We don’t see them, but we actively use them every day. We are talking about internal sewer pipes that connect all objects with a vertical intra-house riser. The durability and reliability of the entire drainage system depends on the quality of the pipes, correctly selected material, diameter and angle of inclination. To decide which sewer pipes to choose for internal sewerage in an apartment or private house, it is better to first draw up a design for the system’s layout, evaluate the geometry of the room, the installation height of plumbing fixtures and other features.

No. 1. Material of internal sewer pipes

Internal sewer distribution can be done using the following pipes:

• cast iron. Previously they were installed everywhere, but today they are practically not used;
• polyvinyl chloride (PVC);
• polypropylene. Looking ahead, we note that this is the most optimal option;
• polyethylene. Infrequently used;
• steel and copper. Expensive pipes that are not used, but are sometimes still used due to their appearance.

Despite the fact that polypropylene and PVC pipes are most widespread, when choosing, do not rush to immediately discard the other options, since in some cases cast iron and even copper pipes may be useful.

No. 2. Cast iron pipes for internal sewerage

Several decades ago there was no particular alternative to cast iron pipes, so they are widely found in old houses. Today, cast iron is being replaced by plastic, but is still used. Such pipes are made from gray cast iron by centrifugal casting. To protect the material from corrosion and give inner surface smoothness, pipes outside and inside are coated bitumen composition. The diameter of cast iron pipes ranges from 5-15 cm, the wall thickness is 10-12 mm.

Advantages of cast iron pipes:

Surely, cast iron pipes would have remained among the leaders if not for significant disadvantages:

• the walls become overgrown with sediment over time. This is due to the roughness of the material, which even bitumen coating cannot be completely eliminated. The process of overgrowing leads to a narrowing of the pipe lumen and a decrease in its throughput. Anyone who has seen what a pipe looks like after for long years exploitation, will never forget this terrible sight;
• heavy weight of pipes, which complicates transportation;
• complex installation, which is explained not only by the large weight, but also by the peculiarities of connecting pipe sections. In order for the sewer system to be airtight, it is necessary to correctly connect the elements. Usually they use the method of caulking or caulking using a heel;
• susceptibility to corrosion processes;
• high price.

Cast iron pipes are not used today to build a new sewer system, but they may be needed when reconstruction is already underway. existing systems. On this moment the use of cast iron pipes is also justified when arranging intra-house risers.

When choosing, it doesn’t hurt to carefully examine the products and tap each of them. This makes it easy to detect cracks and other defects that form when the manufacturing process is disrupted. A defective pipe is no different long term operation. For connecting cast iron pipes are produced various kinds fittings, plugs and sockets.

No. 3. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sewer pipes

For arranging internal sewerage systems, they are considered almost the most suitable option. During the production process, some other substances are added to polyvinyl chloride, which include stabilizers and polymers. Elements of the required shape are formed from the heated mass.

PVC pipes can be of two types:

• pipes made of plasticized PVC (PVC) have good elasticity and low strength;
• pipes made from unplasticized PVC (PVC-U) are more rigid and resistant to aggressive influences.

Of course, it is better to use unplasticized PVC, but in practice both types of pipes are used. The diameter of the products ranges from 2 to 20 cm.

Main advantages:

Minuses:

• limited operating temperature range. With constant exposure to negative temperatures, pipes become fragile and lose their tightness, and with constant exposure to temperatures above +60...+70 0 C, the material is capable of deformation and also loses its integrity;
• insufficient fire resistance;
• The inner walls of PVC pipes are smoother than those of cast iron, but over time they will still develop plaque. In addition, the internal diameter changes over the years. As a result of exposure to high temperatures, the circular cross-section is transformed into an ellipsoidal one, and this impairs the throughput and contributes to the occurrence of leaks;
• some aggressive substances contained in drains can still lead to the gradual destruction of pipes.

For the installation of internal sewerage from PVC pipes, appropriate connecting elements. Among them knee, designed to rotate the pipeline at an angle from 20 to 87 degrees, tee for arranging branches, cross to connect four pipes, and reduction for connecting sections of pipes of different diameters.

No. 4. Polypropylene sewer pipes

Also calculate the distance from the riser to each drain point: if it is greater than allowed, you will have to provide ventilation outlets and connectors.

Don't forget to also purchase siphons. It is desirable that they be made of the same material as the pipes, then there will be a minimum of problems with the connection. After creating a pipe layout project, the places where the pipe changes direction and branches, as well as the places where several branches are connected, are considered. Based on this, you can understand how much reduction connectors(for joining pipes with different diameters), bends(aka knees, an element for creating a bend), tees and crosses will be needed.

No. 8. Slope of internal sewer pipe

The sewer pipeline can be divided into two sections, vertical and horizontal. Vertical is the riser to which everything is connected horizontal pipes, however, it would be a stretch to call them horizontal. Sewer pipes must be laid at a slight slope towards the riser. This is necessary in order to:

• wastewater flowed faster general sewerage under the influence of gravity;
• siltation of pipes did not occur, which occurs when wastewater stagnates in areas without the required slope;
• There were no unpleasant odors or breakthroughs as a result of silting.

The larger the diameter of the sewer pipe, the smaller the slope required:

If these values ​​are observed, the optimal speed of movement of wastewater is ensured, 0.7-1 m/s.

You should resist the temptation to make the slope greater than required. How larger angle, the faster the wastewater will leave the apartment. This seems to be good, but such speed brings with it a lot of problems:

• particles of sewage, solid food debris and other debris under the influence high speed flow remains in the pipe;
• The pipes become silted and completely clogged. The service life of such a system is several times less than that built according to all the rules.

The slope should not exceed 15 cm per 1 meter. It is formed by means of fasteners on which the pipe will be held, or by creating grooves in the wall.

In conclusion, we note that a burst sewer pipe is one of the most unpleasant accidents that can happen in an apartment. That is why it is not worth saving on the purchase of pipes and their installation.