How to weave a basket from shingles. Find a common language with nature. Ask another question

In the manufacture of jewelry and household items in the North, young birch bark was widely used - birch bark. Baskets and tuesa were made from it various sizes and proportions, which were decorated with embossing, openwork carving or painting. Birch bark was used to make bast shoes, baskets, boxes, bread bins, and pesteri bags. Birch bark weaving and embossing - decorating the surface of objects with patterns imprinted with a stamp - were developed everywhere in the North.

The material itself, with its velvety, warm, slightly pinkish or yellowish surface, is very beautiful, and in capable hands ordinary birch bark can turn into amazing work. Birch bark was widely used in all areas Vologda region, Veliky Ustyug and the villages along the Shemoksa River, where original centers of this art developed, were famous for “cut birch bark”.

One example of Veliky Ustyug birch bark is a small box depicting a plot scene. On its lid is the facade of a house with windows on the first floor and large heads of two people on the second. From the left, a man in a dressing gown and a long-stemmed pipe approaches the house. A dog runs at his feet. Flowers and branches symbolize the landscape. The large-headed characters are conveyed with humor, in a conventionally flat manner, but with sufficient observation and accuracy in reproducing the costumes of the late 18th century. In the execution of this unique box, the master combined open-cut carving with embossing, engraving and a kind of “shotting” of the background, more typical artistic treatment silver

The collection of products made from expanded birch bark in the collections of the Vologda Museum-Reserve numbers several hundred specimens. They tell about the development of this interesting craft over almost two centuries. Cut cut birch bark, which was used to decorate chests, caskets, beetroot, and bodies, was called shemogodskaya along the Shemogse River, a tributary of the Northern Dvina. In the village of Kurovo-Navolok of the former Shemogodskaya volost, ornamental birch bark carving was developed. A pattern was applied to a birch bark sheet with a blunt awl, which was then cut through sharp knife. The basis of the ornament of Shemogod products was the motif of a spiral-twisted curl with a rosette inside and lush branches of wavy shoots. Variants of similar patterns densely fill the surfaces of many peasant household items that were decorated with such birch bark lace. To make it easier to read, tinted foil or colored paper was placed under the birch bark.

Modern Vologda craftsmen do not paint over birch bark, but reveal it natural properties: texture pattern, pure golden color, as if radiating solar heat. Wicker birch bark bread bins and baskets find a lively response among our contemporaries not only for their practicality, but also for the enduring beauty of the material itself.

No less common than birch bark weaving was the weaving of baskets, boxes, pesters from pine shingles, vine, pine root. Pine wood grown in a swamp easily splits into thin plates and is quite suitable for weaving. They were woven “in a straight line” or in oblique rows, the top was secured with birch or bird cherry rims, and decorated with birch bark fringe. At the beginning of the 20th century, Plakhino basket makers (Kirillovsky district) were especially famous. They sent ten carts of shingled baskets a day to the Nikolo-Volok market. This craft was widespread in the villages of Leshchevo, Andronovo, Rusanikha, Alferovo until the 1970s.

We're used to it modern people, go to the store for every household need. Buckets for mushrooms and berries, a laundry basket, containers for storing vegetables - we now have all this made of plastic. Practical material, light, inexpensive, you can’t say anything. And yet you will see photographs of ancient things somewhere - and you will sigh: how beautiful! Here's some wicker things. Just a hundred years ago, life without them could not be imagined.

Birch bark baskets

A third-grader from the city of Mezen, Arkhangelsk region, Tanya Nifanina, wrote a whole research work dedicated to baskets. It turns out that there were so many baskets in the everyday life of our great-grandmothers! Tanya managed to count 20 types: in one they carried out hay for the cows, in another they kept spoons, in the third - spindles and other parts for the loom, with “scrapers” they ran into the forest to pick berries, there were even several “linen” baskets: in one they stored linen , in another they carried it to rinse, and in the third they even boiled it. In separate baskets and boxes they stored fish, cooking, firewood... You can’t count everything!

It must be said that from willow twig We didn’t weave in the North. The northerners made their baskets from pine shingles. Wood has a remarkable property - it splits along the grain under the influence of a wedge. It is this property that we use when we chop wood and split a splinter. From ancient times until the invention of the saw, boards for construction and other household needs were obtained exclusively by splitting logs along the grain.

Pine shingle baskets

So, shingles are thin, long strips of wood. And how to weave from them - better than the master no one will tell. So Tanya Nifanina found a real master of basket making, who is famous in their area. Alexander Mikhailovich Gmyrin from the village of Ezevets willingly shared the secrets of his craft with the girl. A lot, he said, depends on the material, on whether it is stored correctly or not, and also on whether a person has enough knowledge and patience. He himself learned this craft in his youth from the men from the brigade with whom he worked in logging - in this way they whiled away free time in rainy weather away from home. He didn’t succeed in everything right away. “I broke it, threw it away, everything happened.”

The master showed Tanya how to make a basket from pine shingles. And the girl tried to weave her own basket, albeit from the very available material- from paper. But when she grows up a little, she will probably tell both her mother and grandmother and herself many useful and beautiful things.

learning a craft

L. Zubarev

The shingles can be planed and chipped. Plane shingles from aspen or linden square logs with a length of 25...30 cm and a cross-section of 10×15...20 cm. The logs are fixed on a floor raised 1 m from the ground, and a long lever made of poles is installed there, rotating on an axis, at the end of which they are attached special knife. This device is used to plan shingles 0.5 cm thick. Of course, one arm of the lever where the knife is located is shorter than the other.

The roof is covered with shingles over a continuous sheathing in several layers, overlapping the shingles of each layer (like fish scales).

Chopped shingles are made exclusively from pine, and the wood from the blanks must

The elk makes up the bulk of the wood of the trunk. If there is no common pine, and it is rare even in the taiga, shingles are made from ordinary pine, with a diameter of 40...50 cm or more. It’s not scary if the core of the pine is slightly rotten, since only the outer part of the log is used.

The log is cut into logs 1.2 m long (slate length), split with an ax and wedges along the radius, that is, from the edges to the center (the size of the split logs along the wide edge is 15...20 cm).

To obtain chopped shingles, you need a special knife, which is usually made from springs. The length of such a knife is 45 cm, width 6...8 cm, thickness 3...4 mm. At one end of the knife, a sleeve is provided (welded or bent from the same strip) (Fig. for wooden handle(handle diameter 4...5 cm, length 50...60 cm).

They chop shingles like this: they place the chock on the butt and, from

Puc. 1. Knife for chipped shingles

Rice. 2. Fastening the shingles with nails (1) and wire (2)

be straight-grained and without branches (the butt part of the tree is best suited).

A basket made of pine is irreplaceable in everyday life.

Note that the highest quality shingles come from pine. This pine tree in the forest is distinguished from others by its smooth, light yellow bark. Condo pine wood is fine-grained and resinous. Sapwood - the outer less dense layer of wood lying directly under the bark - is quite narrow, its thickness is 1.5...2 cm. In ordinary pine, the sapwood

Shingles or shingles are one of the original types roofs. This is a rare, elite and expensive material. As it turned out, it is difficult to find a roofer-drawer. Therefore, I will share personal experience extracting shingles with your own hands.

Tools

To make shingles you will need good tool. At one time, I did not find a suitable tool in the store.

Find a common language with nature

I had to make it myself.

Main fixture

Through trial and error, studying a bunch of specialist forums and watching a ton of videos, I made three knives of different sizes.

I made a small one, 20 cm long, from a piece of metal and sharpened it to lathe. It will be needed to remove small knots and bark.

I made a medium-sized knife from car springs. Its length is 35 cm. This is the main tool in the manufacture of shingles. I used it most often. However, he could not withstand the load. Since the design of the spring involves holes, plus the length of the cutter played a negative role.

For a large knife, I used a piece of hardened metal 12mm thick, 50cm long, 10cm wide.

The sharpening angle is the secret of our great-grandfathers

The most convenient sharpening angle is 30°. With such a tip it is easy to split aspen, oak, spruce, pine and poplar. I would recommend sharpening on one side. The word shingles itself comes from tearing, tearing off. And with sharp tools, sharpened on both sides, you will prick or cut it.

Percussion instrument

I don't use a metal sledgehammer or hammer for percussion. Because with constant impacts, the surface breaks and the knife loses its plane. And this is not convenient when making shingles. I recommend using a wooden mallet.

Choosing material

To make good shingles you need the right approach to the choice of wood. Pay attention to the butt and trunk of the tree. There should be no large knots, depressions or damage on the surface. The trunk should be smooth, not rotten, and the structure should be close to ideal.

The end or inner part of the barrel must also be free of defects.

Shingles manufacturing process

Here it is worth saying that I extracted shingles of the following sizes: length 35 cm, width 5 cm, thickness 1 cm. And now I will describe the process in detail.

Step 1 - preparation

The first thing to do is to split the round timber. It is easier to do this not from the end, but from the side. I take an ax and begin to gradually hammer it with a wooden mallet.

I learned this method from Siberian hunters who go to the taiga for the winter and make skis from pine or spruce.

Having split the log into two parts, I examine it inside. There should be no defects, large resin ducts, or bark beetles. The structure should be smooth.

Then, I split one of the halves of the log into two more equal parts.

Step 2 - production

Let's move on to making the records themselves. I take a large cutter and a wooden mallet. Smoothly tapping the knife, first on one side, then on the other, I tear off the plate. Thickness no more than 8 - 12 mm. You need to hit not just vertically downwards, but slightly towards yourself. In order not to cut but to tear off. When extracting shingles, it is important to place the bark butt down. This way the blade will move along the growth line of the fibers. The shingles will be smooth and not rough.

Step 3 - Sanding

When making shingles, it is impossible to achieve a smooth and even surface of the plate. For a better fit, I use a two-handed knife, it’s called a struk. I place the plate with the butt side down and begin to trim away all the excess. I use it to remove the bark.

And for best stock water, I chamfer at an angle of 45° from the top of the plate.

Laying shingles

When laying shingles, there is a rule - the butt should point down. The way we made it is the way we lay it. If you lay the plates backwards, water and snow will be retained and the roof will leak.

Methods for laying shingles

The first method is overlap laying. The plates are placed on top of each other, approximately one third. This method is the simplest and easiest.

The second method is multi-layer styling. The first layer is laid evenly. The distance between the dies in one row is 3-5 mm.

The next layer overlaps the joints of the first row. And so on. Four or five layers are laid in this way. This method can be used to make the roof of a house, terrace, veranda.

When making shingles for the first time, you need to be patient. However, having gained experience, you will be able to make an unusual and environmentally friendly roofing option with your own hands.

Scientists believe that man learned weaving much earlier than pottery. From long flexible branches of varying thickness he wove dwellings and outbuildings, fences, furniture, sleigh and cart bodies, as well as baskets that had a wide variety of purposes.

Basket is the all-Russian name for a container, which in each region had its own characteristics in manufacture and appearance.

Without baskets, these universal wicker vessels, it is difficult to imagine the life of a Russian peasant. In the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. wickerwork had wide use. These baskets, varied in shape and purpose, are containers with one or two handles for collecting berries, mushrooms, vegetables, nuts, carrying and storing various supplies, as well as household items.

Weaving baskets from pine chips

They were indispensable for harvesting and storing food. Women carried baskets to the river to rinse clothes. There were also baskets with which they went on a long journey.

Baskets were made from bark, roots, branches, straw, and stems. They could be rectangular, square, oval, hemispherical, with an open top and closed, with lids various designs or without lids. Almost every villager could, if necessary, weave a basket needed on the farm using simple weaving techniques. Individual craftsmen wove baskets for every taste and not only for themselves, but also for sale. Depending on their purpose, they were given a wide variety of shapes and decorated with woven patterns made from painted rods. Various techniques weaving, passed down from generation to generation, gradually improved, becoming more rational.

Handicraft basket fishing was widespread in different areas of Russia. Weaving baskets from pine splinters (shingles) in the Olonets province is a very common activity in all districts of the province. Peasants of Kargopol and surrounding villages were engaged in weaving baskets from splinters.

The basket craft attracted peasants more than all other crafts due to its universal accessibility. Almost exclusively men worked; women engaged in basket weaving only in isolated cases. In a peasant family, basket weaving was mainly a subsidiary occupation. Even the previously mentioned small number of artisans in the entire Olonets province (55 people), who specialized in basket weaving, could not develop their business due to low prices for products and lack of time: doing only weaving baskets for sale, they would not be able to feed your family.

Peasants usually engaged in basket weaving in winter. There were no special workshops; they usually worked in the house.

A brief description of the technology for making wicker baskets is given in the statistical collection “Handicrafts and Craft Earnings of Peasants of the Olonets Province”: “... for a product made from shingles you need great skill in choosing a tree, and then sawing it so that there is no core left. For a successful business, chopped planted pieces of wood are placed in the oven “to soften”, after a day they are already perfectly split with a knife, and they are in a hurry to use the material, because It’s easier to make baskets from “paired” material.”

Thus, in economic life peasants of the Olonets province, the production of wicker baskets from pine splinters (shingles) as a type of traditional economic activity played an important role. Baskets were used everywhere in the life of peasants; not a single peasant family could do without them. For many families, mastering this craft brought additional income.

The word wood chips

The word chips in English letters (translit) - shchepa

The word chips consists of 4 letters: a e p sch

Meanings of the word wood chips. What is wood chips?

Woodchips. Shredded wood established sizes obtained as a result of grinding wood raw materials using chippers and special devices, used as technological raw materials or fuel See all terms GOST 17462-84.

Dictionary of GOST vocabulary

Chips are particles of wood obtained in the process of grinding short-length raw materials or scraps of lumber. There are technological and fuel chips.

Chips are crushed wood of established sizes, obtained as a result of processing wood raw materials with chippers and special devices, used as technological raw materials or fuel.

Dictionary of basic forestry and economic terms

Wood chips for smoking

Chips for smoking are wood particles of the correct rectangular shape, obtained in the process of grinding wood raw materials with a chipper and representing a smoking material used in smoldering smoke generators...

en.wikipedia.org

Chips, technological

Chips, technological. Technological chips Chips for the production of cellulose, wood boards and products of wood chemical and hydrolysis industries See all terms GOST 17462-84.

Dictionary of GOST vocabulary

Shchepa, Alexander Fedorovich

Shchepa, Alexander Fedorovich - appanage prince of Rostov, ancestor of the Shchepin-Rostov princes, according to some instructions - the son of Prince Fyodor Alexandrovich, according to others - Prince Fyodor Andreevich...

Alexander Fedorovich Shchepa

Alexander Fedorovich Shchepa (d. 1442) - Pskov governor (1410-1412, 1421-1424, 1429-1434), by origin a Rostov prince, the ancestor of the Shchepin-Rostov princes.

en.wikipedia.org

Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker on Shchepy

Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker on Shchepy, Nikoloshchepovskaya Church - Orthodox church in the center of Moscow, in the Arbat district, on the corner of the First Smolensky and Second Nikoloshchepovsky lanes...

en.wikipedia.org

Pozharsky, Prince Pyotr Timofeevich Shchepa

Pozharsky, Prince Pyotr Timofeevich Shchepa - son of Prince. Timofey Feodorovich; in 1597-1599

Do It Yourself (Ogonyok) 1994-06, page 80

was all over Moscow, successively: in China Town, in the New Tsar's Town, from the Neglinnaya River to Moscow, and in the Kremlin; in 1600 - governor in Urzhum.

Big biographical encyclopedia. — 2009

Russian language

Morphemic-spelling dictionary. - 2002

Chip, -y, plural. wood chips, wood chips, wood chips.

Orthographic dictionary. - 2004

Examples of using the word chips

Today, types of products such as bioplastics, wood chips, granules and other biofuels are gaining popularity.

Manufacturing and installation of shingle roofing

Shingles are thin wooden plates that are used for roofing and façade cladding. The raw material for the manufacture of shingles is coniferous wood:

• pine trees,
• cedar,
• aspen wood.

A type of roof made of shingles can be called differently:

• shingle,
• shingles,
• shindel,
• shingalas.

They differ only in the technology of manufacturing and installation. To this day, shingles are made almost by hand.

Depending on the manufacturing method and the resulting form, shingles are distinguished:

• stabbing,
• sawn,
• mosaic

Thanks to the use of special wood impregnations, shingles can be given almost any shade (or, using a colorless composition, their original appearance can be preserved). In addition, such impregnations significantly extend the service life of these wooden products.

Installation of shingles

When arranging the roof, shingles are installed with a slope of at least 12%. The result should be a multi-layer structure, in which there are from four to eight layers of wooden tiles.

Let's talk about the process of manufacturing and installing spruce shingles.

To make spruce shingles, you will need spruce round timber. When calculating the number of round timber, it is necessary to take into account the quality of the material, the dimensions of the roof and the number of roofing layers.

First, the logs are prepared. To do this, the round timber, which has no knots, is sawn into pieces 40 cm long. The sawn logs are placed in the boiler ( metal barrel) and cook for about half an hour - this allows the wood to steam out a little. After this, the log is placed vertically and with the help of a plow they begin to peel the shingles.

The thickness of the peeled shingles should be no more than 1 cm. Then the still wet shingles are stacked. It is necessary to provide a spacer between the layers. After the shingles have dried a little, they can be laid on the roof. It is advisable to first remove the bark (sand) from the sides of the shingles.

Actually, you don’t have to cook the logs. Then all the cut logs must be immediately painted over at the ends with a thick oil paint– this will prevent cracking of the wood.

How and with what to make shingles yourself?

After this, the logs are placed to dry (also with gaskets) in indoors or under a canopy.

Roofing

So, when the shingles have been cut, you can start roofing work. First you need to complete a continuous sheathing. It is advisable to cover the finished sheathing with roofing felt, and only then take on the shingles. The laying is done in an overlapping layer or with a butt joint, and fixed with shingles nails (60 mm x 1 mm). You should start covering the roof from the bottom edge, while the top shingles should overlap the end and side joints by 5 cm.

When fastening the two or three lower layers, one nail is driven into each of the shingles, and two nails must be driven into the shingles of the topmost layer. Optimal dimensions The shingles are as follows: 40 x 8 x 0.7 cm. The roof ridge is covered with boards.

Wood has a number of features that make shingle roofing unique in its properties. Let's list these features:

• Aspen shingles exposed to long-term conditions open air"canned". Due to this, aspen is recommended for arranging bathhouses and other rooms exposed to high humidity.
• When pine shingles are used, the resin released from its pores seals the microscopic cracks of the roof.
• Shingled roofing does not require additional waterproofing.

Articles about roofs in country houses

Baskets woven from pine shingles (shingles)

Answer: SHINGLES

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1st letter D; 2nd letter P; 3rd letter A; 4th letter H; 5th letter K; 6th letter A;

• strips for lathing walls before plastering
• wood shingles
• wood shingles
• slats for lathing walls for plaster
• thin wooden plates
• thin wooden plates
• roofing board
• roofing board
• plank for plaster walls
• plank for plaster walls
• Building material, wooden planks (planks) for upholstery of walls and ceilings
• cladding strip
• cladding strip
• thinly chopped plates of aspen, pine
• slats for walls under plaster
• slats for walls under plaster
• thin wood chips
• thin wood chips
• Thin wooden plates for upholstery of walls and ceilings under plaster and for roofing
• slats for plaster
• slats for plaster
• thin (3-5 mm) wooden planks (planks) for upholstery of walls and ceilings
• thin slabs of wood
• thin slabs of wood
• thinner than shingles
• thinner than shingles
• and for lathing walls under plaster
• roofing strip
• roofing strip
• thin wooden plank for covering roofs
• thin wooden strip for covering roofs
• roofing boards
• roofing boards
• thin plank
• thin plank
• "skeleton" for plaster
• "skeleton" for plaster
• plaster
• plaster
• thin wooden strip for lathing under plaster
• thin wooden slats
• thin wooden slats
• wooden plank
• wooden plank
• roofing chips
• roofing chips
• thin wooden plank
• thin wooden plank
• river in Kamchatka
• river in Kamchatka
• wood for sheathing
• wood for sheathing
• plaster die
• plaster die

Weaving baskets from shingles (ribbons) is a very interesting activity. Wicker baskets are convenient for berries, mushrooms, for the market and for dishes. They are light, durable and comfortable. Let's look at the stages of weaving from shingles in more detail.

Let's select 22 such shingles so that the width is the same for all, and the length: for the two largest ones - 24 times more than the width, for sixteen - 16 times more, and for the remaining four - 10-12 times more. The longest ones will go on the side, the middle ones - on the body, the short ones - on the handle. If they come across longer ones, it’s okay, as long as they don’t turn out to be small.

We begin to weave (Fig. 184).

We lay medium-sized shingles as shown under the letter a, and continue to weave a new ribbon to them on the left and right of each row until we get a “matting” (b) from all 16 shingles. Then we mark a bottom rectangle with a pencil (shown in dotted lines) and nail it to a thick board with wire clips or small nails, on which, as on a working machine, we will carry out further weaving. Before nailing, all the tapes must be “pushed together,” that is, pushed one against the other as tightly as possible and eliminate any gaps or cracks between them. If the basket is large and the shingles are thick, then this “pushing” is done with a hammer, and the corners are nailed with eight nails, i.e., two nails in each corner.

Dashed lines in Fig. b - these are fold lines. We bend all four sides one by one so that they are not on the board, but protrude perpendicular to it. At first they will not stay in this position; they must be held with your hand. Then, thanks to friction, they will maintain the given shape of the wall. We start weaving the walls from some corner, while remembering the basic rule - alternation: each tape goes over - under - over - under... so that they lie intertwined all the time. Under the letter (c) we see such an angle so that the woven ribbons do not diverge, when we are busy with the other ends of the ribbons, we connect them with wire clips at the top (shown by an arrow in Fig. c).

Initially, the basket turns out to be full of cracks, since the bent strips tend to move apart different sides. Now we need to “push” again, but not the bottom, but the corners and sides. If the basket still has not “calmed down”, you will have to put permanent pins on the upper corners instead of temporary clips, but we will do this after we have evenly trimmed the entire edge in a circle. We lay the two longest ribbons outside and inside along the edge, starting from the middle of one side of the basket and going around. We attach using wire pins, piercing the ribbons with an awl.

All that remains is to make the handle of the basket. We fold all four short ribbons (d) and fasten them with one pin in the middle. The shortest ribbon will be on the inside, the longest on the outside. Using an awl and pins, attach the handle to the basket (e).

Our basket turned out to be oblong. If we take shingles not of the same length, but select them so that in the matting (b) the middle ones are the longest, and the outermost ones are shorter and shorter, then we can weave a basket with a square base.