How to properly trim fruit trees. Proper pruning of fruit trees and crown formation

Pruning and pinching trees and shrubs in the country

Regular pruning is one of the elements of caring for garden trees and shrubs. She has great importance for plants. Depending on the method, extent and timing, age and condition of the plants, weather conditions and variety, pruning can achieve various effects.

❧ According to the Guinness Book of Records, the largest apple in the world grew the size of soccer ball. The weight of the beautiful red fruit was 1.8 kg. The apple was grown in the Japanese city of Hirosaki by farmer Chisato Iwasaki.

Why is it necessary to prune trees and shrubs?

There are several types of pruning

1. Formative pruning. It is carried out more often on young trees. It forms a strong skeleton of a tree with evenly distributed branches. Semi-skeletal and overgrown branches are pruned. Tops are removed from old trees. After such pruning, the lighting inside the tree crown improves and the trees begin to bear fruit earlier.

2. Pruning to improve yield. This type of pruning causes renewal of overgrown branches. After it, the trees produce a consistently good harvest.

3. Anti-aging pruning. It is carried out near those Trees that stop growing.

4. Restorative pruning. This is carried out if the tree has suffered from frost or mechanical damage crowns Pruning restores the tree canopy.

5. Sanitary pruning. This is the removal of dry, broken, diseased branches and their parts.

In young plants, branches are pruned to form a crown; in adults, to maintain the shape of the crown and remove dry and diseased branches. Old trees and shrubs are pruned for rejuvenating purposes. Many valuable varieties fruit trees for getting good harvest needs to be pruned every year.

Pruning reduces plant height and number harmful insects on them and the frequency of diseases. It makes the fruiting periods of trees and shrubs more uniform. The gross yield of fruits may decrease when pruning, but the size and quality of the fruits increase. For example, the color of fruits improves. After pruning, the general condition of the plant improves and the light-air regime is optimized. This makes trees and shrubs more resistant to insect pests and diseases without the use of chemicals.

When is the best time to prune trees and shrubs?

Trees and shrubs are pruned in different terms. In early spring, pruning is done in March - before the movement of juices in the plants begins. Otherwise the plants will lose a lot nutrients when pruned they will weaken. At this time, pome crops (pears, apple trees) are usually pruned. Red and black currants are pruned as soon as the depth of the snow cover decreases.

From March to May, mainly in March - April, most of the fruit trees are pruned. First pome crops, then stone fruits.

Mature trees can be pruned at longer late time- from May to June. They are pruned even during the flowering period and after it. Reducing the crown of mature trees reduces the cost of recovery after winter and growth.

Some fruit trees, such as apricot, can be pruned in the summer. As a result, they will bloom later next year. This will help protect the crop from spring frosts.

In the summer, from June to July, pinching (pinching) and breaking of shoots are carried out. At the same time, unnecessary shoots are removed. They will be completely removed during the next spring pruning.

In autumn, sanitary and anti-aging pruning is usually carried out. They are carried out after the beginning of leaf fall. It is in the fall that old and neglected trees are pruned, as well as berry bushes - all types of currants, raspberries, gooseberries, etc.

In winter, fruit trees are pruned only in the southern regions, where there is no risk of frost damage to the trees. In central Russia, forced pruning of trees is sometimes carried out in winter. At the same time, protective sections of branches are left on the tree. With this pruning, tree branches damaged by adverse effects (strong wind, rain with icing, etc.) are removed. This reduces the load on the trees and prevents future breaks and splitting of branches.

Trees and shrubs are pruned with the following goals:

✓ get a small healthy tree with a compact crown that would bear fruit well every year;

✓ create a tree with a strong skeleton - branches evenly distributed in space;

✓ maintaining crown size at a certain level;

✓ creating good lighting in the crown;

✓ regulation of growth and fruiting, reducing plant height and fruit shedding;

✓ increasing the quality of fruits - weight, size, color;

✓ easier harvesting;

✓ reducing the frequency of diseases and the number of insect pests;

✓ creating conditions for physiological balance between growth and fruiting in different periods plant life; increasing the supply of nutrients to the remaining tree tissues;

✓ rejuvenation and increase in the life of the tree.

If you do not regulate the height of the trees, they will be very tall, and the fruits will be crushed. Their winter hardiness will also decrease.

Trees and shrubs are pruned in two ways:

1) thinning, or cutting (Fig. 1). With this pruning method, competitive, crossing branches, as well as very closely located and touching ones, are removed. Thinning is carried out using the “ring” method or by transferring to lateral branch. When cutting “on the ring”, a cut is made at the base of the branch along the annular bead. The stump is not left behind. You should not make a cut deeper than the annular influx, as this creates a larger wound surface that takes longer to heal.

When removing large branches, use the “three cuts” method. First, the branch is cut down to a quarter of its thickness from below. The cut is made at a distance of 20-30 cm from the trunk. Then the branch is cut down from above. In this case, the third cut should be 5 cm further from the trunk than the bottom one. Then the remaining stump is cut down. This gradual cutting prevents stripping and splitting of the bark and leaves a minimal wound that heals well;

Figure 1. Thinning

2) shortening (Fig. 2). With this pruning method, the end part of the branch is removed. After pruning, nutrition and moisture supply to the remaining part of the branch and, accordingly, the buds on it improves. Therefore, shortening has a stimulating effect on the shoot-forming ability of the tree. It reduces the size of the crown and ultimately makes the tree more branched. Shortening is carried out using the “kidney” method. The branch is cut obliquely above the bud. In this case, the cut should not be very oblique, otherwise the bud may dry out or give a weak shoot. They resort to shortening the branches if they were not pinched in a timely manner.

Figure 2. Shortening

When pruning, the following rules must be observed:

1. When cutting, large, long and heavy branches must be supported by hand.

2. The cut should not be made flush with the surface of the trunk or main branch.

3. Large thorns should not be left on branches.

4. The branches are cut at a slight angle relative to a line parallel to the main branch.

5. When cutting down large and heavy branches, they are first lightened (smaller branches are removed). It is advisable to remove them piece by piece.

6. Heavy large branches after pruning should be lowered using ropes. This will prevent damage to the tree and neighboring plants. Previously top end the ropes are secured above the branch to be cut, and the lower one - on the branch to be cut closer to the trunk.

7. The edges of cuts with a diameter of more than 2 cm should be cleaned, treated with disinfectants and covered with an insulating layer.

8. There should be no grooves on the cuts, as moisture accumulates in them and the wood may rot.

9. You should not leave large stumps after trimming branches. They do not grow like full-fledged branches and gradually die off. As a result, branches form in their place.

10. Cannot be deleted immediately a large number of large branches, as this will delay the growth of the tree or lead to its death. They are removed 1-2 per year

11. When pruning slowly growing trees (apple, linden, elm, Norway maple), 20-50% of the growth is removed per Last year. In trees that grow quickly (poplar, green ash, ash maple), 60-70% of the growth is removed.

Pinching plants, or pinching, is the removal of the top of a growing shoot (Fig. 3). It causes the branch to stop growing for 2-3 weeks.

Figure 3. Pinching a shoot

Pinching is done by hand or with pruning shears. It is carried out mainly to form the crown of young trees. With the help of pinching, they make the branches subordinate and prevent the growth of shoots in inappropriate places. Pinching is carried out before the shoots become woody.

On young trees in the spring, competing shoots appear on each shoot that continues the skeletal branch. They reduce the flow of juices to the main shoot and are the same as it in terms of development. Competitor shoots are pinched or broken out when they reach 10-12 cm. After pinching, the growth shoots become fruit-bearing within 1-2 years - they begin to bear fruit. This is due to the fact that after manipulation on the shoots, the development of the lower buds increases. When several strong shoots appear below the pinching site, the branch is cut off above the strongest of them. The shoot that remains is pinched above the 3-5th leaf. When one long shoot is formed, it is cut off above the 3-5th leaf. When several short shoots are formed, all are left. Unnecessary shoots and tops are also removed. In the future, they will unnecessarily shade the crown, so you should not leave them. If at the end of summer the shoots have not completed their growth, then the tree’s resistance to frost decreases. Therefore, the tops of the shoots are pinched and then lignification of annual shoots occurs.

Providing proper care for trees and shrubs in the garden will ensure fast growth and their abundant fruiting. The gardener annually needs to prune the trees in the garden, which will not only allow the formation of the correct crown, but also prevent thickening of the crown, which can lead to the development of various types of fungal and infectious diseases. We’ll tell you in more detail how to properly prune trees in the fall, which will greatly simplify caring for the plantings in the garden.

Why is pruning done?

Fruit trees should be pruned in autumn in two ways: thinning and shortening. This makes it possible to improve the growth of perennial plantings, preventing their mechanical damage from snow, strong winds, and the formation of correct height crowns, and also allows you to remove branches that no longer bear fruit, but are able to take away nutrition from the tree, which in turn worsens yield indicators.

Similar works are not particularly difficult, so everyone, even a novice gardener, can handle them. It is only necessary to correctly determine the time when this work is performed, and also to correctly identify those branches and shoots that need to be removed and shortened. Having understood the principles of performing this work, you can easily carry out this annual autumn pruning of trees and shrubs in the garden, simplifying your garden care and improving its fruiting performance.

Types of procedure

To date It is customary to distinguish three types of pruning perennial plantings in the garden:

• Sanitary.
• Formative.
• Rejuvenating.

Sanitary pruning involves removing broken, dried out and diseased branches. Such pruning can be carried out in spring and autumn or at the beginning of winter.

Formative pruning of trees and shrubs in the fall is necessary for young and mature plantings, especially during the period of active growth. This work involves thinning and shortening the shoots, which in turn improves the penetration of light inside the crown, the gardener gets the opportunity to control growth, stimulate the development of lateral shoots and fruit formation. Most often, formative pruning is carried out in the spring, but such work can be done in the fall, which allows you to remove all improperly growing shoots and form the correct crown.

Anti-aging pruning is performed on old trees that are beginning to bear fruit poorly and require special attention. When performing this work, the top of the tree is cut off, the crown is opened, and old shoots and branches are removed. All this allows you to improve fruiting rates, which in turn extends lifespan. garden trees.

Tool used

To complete this job you will need next tool:

You should also take care of the availability of garden varnish, which is used to treat and disinfect the cut site. You can purchase such a garden varnish in most specialized stores or make it yourself using drying oil.

Step-by-step instructions for pruning young trees

For proper pruning you need:

Scheme for beginners

Pruning mature trees in autumn for beginners it is not particularly difficult and is performed using the following technology:

Rules for caring for old trees

Typically, by 15-20 years after planting trees, their yield indicators significantly decrease. Decide this problem Can by carrying out appropriate rejuvenating pruning of the garden. This work is carried out in September or October, after the leaves have completely fallen off. With such rejuvenating pruning, the top is cut off and the lateral shoots that are already five or more years old are removed.

Excess shoots inside the crown are removed, which can interfere with the growth of young shoots. Also, when performing such work, you should remove all broken, dry and diseased branches. Proper implementation of such anti-aging pruning will allow you to obtain excellent yield indicators in just a year and a half, which will last for 4-5 seasons.

Common mistakes

Common mistakes include the following:

The following spring and autumn pruning is performed and fruit trees in temperate regions. But in the northern regions in the fall, when there is already a possibility of frost, such manipulations with trees and shrubs are not recommended.

The timing of autumn pruning will directly depend on the climatic conditions in your region. It is best to do this work in October, when the trees have shed their leaves, the harvest will be harvested, but there will still be 2-3 weeks left before frost.

Autumn pruning of apple trees is necessary after the leaves have completely fallen and the harvest has been harvested. This work is usually carried out by gardeners in October and November. All broken, rotten and old branches are removed. Experienced gardeners recommend removing shoots that grow close to each other, which leads to significant thickening of the crown. All shoots that grow under acute angle or directed into the crown.

All cuts after performing such pruning of the apple tree should be treated with drying oil-based paint or garden varnish. Existing wounds on dry branches should be treated immediately, but stumps from young shoots are covered with varnish only after a day.

At making the right choice During this procedure, the apple tree will easily tolerate such pruning, and next year growth will significantly improve, numerous new shoots will appear, the correct crown will be formed, and in the future the gardener will be able to get apple orchard excellent harvest.

One of the features of pear pruning is that it is recommended to perform such work in a year. Sanitary autumn pruning of such fruit trees is allowed only if the weather is stable and there is no danger of frost in the coming weeks. Remember that pears should not be pruned in cold weather, since such trees do not tolerate frost well, subsequently they get sick a lot and do not bear fruit well.

During formative pruning, the top is shortened and no more than five main lateral skeletal branches are left, forming a pyramidal crown. Every five years it is worth performing rejuvenating pruning, which avoids thickening and maintains yield indicators at the proper level.

Correct autumn pruning of plums

Plum and other stone fruit trees will require appropriate attention from the gardener. Proper autumn pruning will ensure high-quality preparation for winter sleep, and subsequently such trees will actively grow and bear fruit well. This work should be performed immediately after the leaves fall, no later than the first days of November.

Pruning a plum tree in the fall is not particularly difficult:

Fruit tree pruning

Autumn pruning fruit trees will significantly improve the fruiting performance of the garden. It is necessary to carry out such work with cherry plum, serviceberry, sea buckthorn, quince and viburnum only after the leaves have fallen. We can recommend that you limit yourself to only necessary measures, remove damaged branches and shoots growing at right angles to the main crown.

If rejuvenating pruning of fruit trees is necessary, then one or two skeletal branches can be removed, and all branches that are already 5 years old and practically do not bear fruit are pruned. Subsequently, after such rejuvenating pruning, plantings quickly restore their yield indicators, which last for 5-7 years.

Shrub pruning technology will depend on specific type planting in the garden. So, for example, a two- to three-year-old raspberry should be cut right down to the bush, leaving only the rhizome in the ground, after which the soil should be mulched and given high-quality thermal insulation. But red and black currants should be pruned in winter using a different technology, removing only old two- to three-year-old branches, while forming a powerful bush with several skeletal shoots.

Not only old fruit-bearing branches should be removed, but also young shoots that appear in spring and autumn can reach a height of 2-3 centimeters. Such young shoots will subsequently bear fruit poorly, so they should also be removed, leaving only one rhizome. Strong raspberry plant even after such serious pruning next year will be able to quickly increase green mass, delighting the gardener with a magnificent harvest delicious berries.

Trimming methods

Pruning fruit trees has various purposes. Gardeners distinguish several main pruning methods:

1. Formative. Considered the most important. Promotes correct formation crowns and determines the general shape of the trees on the site. Held in early spring, before the juice begins to flow.
2. Regulatory. Necessary for correcting an already formed crown. Excess shoots that overload the tree and prevent good lighting. The event period falls on summer time.
3. Restorative. This is carried out if the plant needs rehabilitation. Dry, damaged branches are removed. Thus, the flow of nutrients to the renewed shoots increases.
4. Rejuvenating. Allows old trees to renew themselves and increase the growth of young fruit-bearing shoots. Helps awaken dormant buds and activate flowering. Held in early spring.
5. Sanitary. Designed for the prevention of diseases and healing of trees damaged by exposure to external factors. Plants can become infected with fungus. The branches begin to dry out, the bark turns black and peels off. To prevent the tree from dying completely, all diseased shoots are removed. Some branches may break due to weather conditions and begin to die; these should also be removed.

Treatment of wood after pruning

In order not to weaken the vital functions of the plant, after pruning it is necessary to immediately treat the wounds. On healthy trees cut areas, especially large ones, can be covered with garden varnish. It prevents cracking and remains on wood for 2 years.

Small sections up to 3 cm in diameter can be coated with water-based acrylic paint. Also suitable for these purposes Oil paint on natural drying oil or red lead. If such means are not available, you can use ordinary clay. When pruning diseased plants, the tools should be treated with alcohol or manganese solution.

The surface to be treated must be dry, smooth and even. All protruding particles must be removed. The healing of the wound begins from the bark; it should not peel off.

Adhering tightly to the cut surface, the putty provides protection against sap leaking out and the branch drying out. It is necessary to process even small cuts, since the juice flowing down them is favorable environment for the proliferation of harmful microbes.

Purposes of tree pruning

This procedure is carried out with the aim of extending the life of plants, stimulating their growth and obtaining big harvest. After all fruit trees on personal plot Planted specifically for the purpose of producing fruit. Besides, Garden pruning helps protect trees from pests and possible diseases.

In general, plants require comprehensive care, one pruning to obtain bountiful harvest there won't be enough. It is necessary to fertilize, water and spray the garden. And then your fruit trees will be beautiful, healthy and, most importantly, fruitful.

The fact that pruning trees plays a big role in obtaining a harvest does not mean that this activity should be carried out whenever you want. There are certain timing and methods for carrying out this procedure. Failure to follow these rules will have the opposite effect on the trees and you risk instead blooming garden get a bunch of stunted plants.

Types of pruning

By removing excess branches from the crown of a tree, you greatly slow down its growth. Experienced gardeners have long noticed this feature: the larger the tree, the smaller its fruits. The following types of plant pruning are currently practiced:

Crown forming

This is done to obtain a bountiful harvest by forming the correct crown of the fruit tree. Typically, such pruning is carried out in the period from 2 to 4 years of life of the seedling on your site.

The branches are pruned in such a way that the stronger shoots form a reliable frame that protects the weaker and thinner branches. This must be done in such a way that the branches inside the frame receive a sufficient amount sunlight. It has been noticed that trees with properly treated crowns begin to bear fruit earlier and produce more yield..

Regulating fruiting

The regularity of the resulting harvest depends on this procedure. The essence of this pruning is as follows: depending on the type of seedling, the shoots are shortened by a certain number of buds. This number can vary from 3 to 12.

Restorative

It involves removing old, broken or diseased branches.

Rejuvenating

This type of pruning is only relevant for mature trees. Old branches are removed or shortened, leaving only young shoots. It is recommended to carry out this procedure approximately every four years.

Trimming methods

Novice amateur gardeners are concerned with the question of how to properly prune trees? We have already told you about the types of this procedure. Now it’s worth talking about the methods. Currently, two such methods are known. Let's talk about each of them in more detail.

Shortening

The idea is to prune young shoots. This is done to prevent the growth of shoots outside the crown..

This is done like this: choose a shoot that grows outward and has more than one bud. For example, if there are three buds on a shoot, it is recommended to cut off one. Next year, the pruned branch should produce three young shoots. One of them will definitely grow in the direction the gardener needs, that is, not outward from the crown, but parallel to the ground. This shoot is left, the other two are cut off.

Thinning

This type of pruning of fruit trees is considered the safest for the health of the plant. In this case, the branches are not pruned, but completely removed.

It is necessary to remove the branch at its very base. Usually there is a subtle fold of bark in this place. This fold should remain intact. Then the cut site will quickly be covered with bark, which will significantly reduce the risk of disease.

Selecting Tools

The choice of tools for pruning fruit trees plays a big role. Tools should not only be comfortable, but also well sharpened. This will not only allow you to quickly necessary work, but will also cause less discomfort to the seedling.

Here is a list of tools that should be present in any gardener’s arsenal:

Secateurs

This is probably the most popular and frequently used tool in gardening. When purchasing these garden shears, you need to pay attention to following points: weight, sharpening and operation of the mechanism.

If you purchase a tool that does not fit your hand or is difficult to operate, the work of pruning fruit trees will take a lot of time and effort.

Hacksaw

Not experienced gardeners They often use ordinary carpenter's tools to work in the garden. This is a fundamentally wrong approach. Although a construction saw will provide a faster work process, it will cause irreparable damage to the tree. Therefore, it is best to purchase a special garden hacksaw.

Air pruner

This tool's operating principle is no different from ordinary garden shears. The only difference is the telescopic design of the device. Thanks to it, without using a ladder, you can cut branches located at a decent height from the ground.

Gasoline saw

This tool is used to trim thick branches from old trees.

How to prune correctly to increase tree productivity

Many novice gardeners do not pay due attention to this procedure. Why bother with pruning if the tree already bears fruit beautifully, they say. But the yield will be high only in the first three years, then it will decline sharply.

The crown plays a major role in the fruitfulness of a tree. It is recommended to trim and shape it from the beginning of planting the seedling in the ground. The crown should not be very thick and high. Otherwise, the abundance of branches will not pass through Sun rays, which will impede the development of fruits. In addition, processing and spraying heavily dense trees is very problematic. Accordingly, the plant will often get sick.

Pruning the garden is also necessary to ensure that the branches grow in the same direction. A chaotic accumulation of branches not only reduces the yield, but also makes harvesting difficult. Therefore, it is recommended to completely remove all shoots that grow strictly upward or downward.

Horizontal branches should not be removed; it is on them that most fruits are formed. As a last resort, you can trim them slightly so that the branch does not break due to the abundance of fruits.

Do not leave dried, broken or frozen branches. They affect not only the yield, but also the lifespan of your garden.

IN winter time, especially with the onset of severe cold, it is recommended to trim the crown. This will allow the plant to recover faster from frost and, accordingly, produce more harvest.

When to prune

Why you need to prune fruit trees and how to do it correctly, we figured it out. Now we should talk about what time of year is best to do this.

Pruning of garden trees is carried out at any time of the year. But it is worth considering some factors. For example, the region of the country where your garden is located. Considering the vast expanses of our Motherland, each region has its own climatic conditions.

For example, in the south it is recommended to do this because there are no very coldy. In central Russia, and in the north of the country, you should not prune fruit trees. Otherwise, during severe frosts, the tree may get sick and die.

Taking these features into account, we can conclude that optimal time for cutting branches, this is early. Until the buds begin to swell. Therefore, first of all, attention is paid to old trees. Buds form on them much earlier than in young plants.

It also has its own characteristics. In general, experienced gardeners and biologists advise choosing for pruning the period when the garden is resting.

Pruning fruit trees is one of the very first spring activities in the garden. It’s March, and that means it’s time to make an inspection, take a closer look at the trees, and outline the scope of work. According to the timing, there are 2 main prunings: spring and autumn.

Pruning fruit trees in spring

The main rule spring pruning– be in time before the buds begin to swell/open. The trees are still dormant; sap flow has not begun.

Dates: second half of March - April

When to start:

The ideal time to prune fruit trees in the spring is the second half of March. Starting from the middle of the month, you can start. But! Temperatures according to the forecast should not fall below -10 degrees. This period is recommended for northern regions and middle zone. In the south, pruning can be done throughout the winter.

The dates may be shifted if the winter was frosty and the fruit trees in the garden were severely frozen. Then it is better to prune them during bud break in order to see all the damaged shoots and remove them.

It is recommended to remove old, broken, diseased, and simply unnecessary branches every year. Without pruning, the crown thickens, the branches interfere with each other’s growth, and gradually the leaves and fruits become smaller.

The advantages of early spring pruning are that without leaves the branches are clearly visible and you can easily outline a pruning plan. In addition, in the spring it is necessary to cut out the frost-bitten parts of the tree. And the risk of infection of pruned areas in early spring before the start of sap flow is very small.

Pruning of young trees in the spring is kept to a minimum, and older trees are treated more thoroughly. But you shouldn’t get too carried away either - pruning weakens the tree, so it is recommended to thin out heavily thickened crowns gradually, over 2-3 years. Old trees are processed first, and then young ones.

In early spring, broken and excess branches are removed and berry bushes: currants, gooseberries, raspberries (if you didn’t have time in the fall). Also - starting from the second half of March, and also - before the buds begin to bloom.

Should I prune in the fall?

Many authors of books on gardening do not recommend pruning fruit trees at all in the fall, since the cutting areas are in harsh winters may freeze. But! These recommendations relate more to formative, thorough pruning of apple, pear, cherry, and plum trees. Diseased and broken branches should always be removed as soon as they are discovered. It turns out that sanitary pruning of trees is important in the fall.

Dates: until the end of September

But for berry bushes (currants, gooseberries, raspberries), autumn pruning is considered mandatory. In raspberries, shoots are pruned at soil level (remontant shoots bend down), in currants and gooseberries - selectively. Autumn pruning is safe for shrubs, because during the winter they are covered with snow, which means they are reliably protected from freezing.

Dates: September - mid-October

In the fall, whitewashing the trunks, clearing them of old bark, and treating cracks is considered a mandatory measure for fruit trees. It is better to leave thorough pruning until spring.

Pruning trees and shrubs in diagrams

There are a huge number of nuances of pruning fruit trees and shrubs, and in this article we did not delve into the technique of doing it. We were interested, first of all, in the timing - when is the best time to prune. However, in the process of searching for information about the timing, we came across interesting schemes trimmings that will certainly be useful to amateur gardeners 😉

In the current qualifying tournament, this will be the second match of the Russian team. Let us remember that in the first meeting Russia met with Belgium, to which they lost with a score of 1:3.

The Russia-Kazakhstan meeting will take place on March 24, 2019 in the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan - the city of Astana(which was renamed literally in a couple of hours on March 20 to Nur-Sultan by decision of parliament members). And how can we not remember one of the jokes dedicated to the renaming of the city, and not say in relation to the Russian national football team that it “flew to Astana and arrived in Nur-Sultan.” Officially, the city changed its name on March 23, 2019, after the signing of the corresponding Decree by the new head of state Kassym-Jomart Tokayev.

The match will be held at the Astana Arena stadium(“Nur-Sultan Arena”). Starts at 17:00 Moscow time (20:00 local time).

That is:
* Venue of the match - Kazakhstan, Astana (Nur-Sultan), Astana Arena.
* Broadcast start time is 17:00 Moscow time.

Where to watch the Russia - Kazakhstan match live:

In Kazakhstan A live broadcast of the national football team's games can be seen on the channel "QAZAQSTAN" at 20:00 local time.

March 18 in Crimea is a day off or a working day:

That is:
* March 18 is a day off in Crimea and Sevastopol.

If March 18 coincides with a holiday (as, for example, happens in 2023), the holiday is transferred to the next working day.

If a holiday coincides with annual paid leave, March 18 is not included in the number of calendar days of leave, but extends it.

Is March 17 a shortened working day:

This norm is established in Article 95 Labor Code RF and applies to working days preceding, among other things, regional holidays.

International Women's Day on March 8 is a UN observance, and the organization includes 193 states. The memorial dates announced by the General Assembly are designed to encourage UN members to show increased interest in these events. However, on this moment not all member states of the United Nations have approved the celebration women's day in their territories on the specified date.

Below is a list of countries that celebrate International Women's Day. Countries are grouped into groups: in a number of states the holiday is an official non-working day (day off) for all citizens, on March 8th only women rest, and there are states where they work on March 8th.

In which countries is the holiday March 8 a day off (for everyone):

* In Ukraine- International Women's Day continues to remain an additional holiday, despite regular proposals to exclude the event from the list of non-working days and replace it, for example, with Shevchenko Day, which will be celebrated on March 9.
* In Abkhazia.
* In Azerbaijan.
* In Algeria.
* In Angola.
* In Armenia.
* In Afghanistan.
* In Belarus.
* To Burkina Faso.
* In Vietnam.
* In Guinea-Bissau.
* In Georgia.
* In Zambia.
* In Kazakhstan.
* In Cambodia.
* In Kenya.
* In Kyrgyzstan.
* IN DPRK.
* In Cuba.
* In Laos.
* In Latvia.
* In Madagascar.
* In Moldova.
* In Mongolia.
* In Nepal.
* In Tajikistan- since 2009, the holiday was renamed Mother's Day.
* In Turkmenistan.
* In Uganda.
* In Uzbekistan.
* In Eritrea.
* In South Ossetia.

Countries where March 8 is a women's-only day off:

* In China.
* In Madagascar.

Which countries celebrate March 8, but it is a working day:

* Austria.
* Bulgaria.
* Bosnia and Herzegovina.
* Germany- in Berlin, since 2019, March 8 is a day off, in the whole country it is a working day.
* Denmark.
* Italy.
* Cameroon.
* Romania.
* Croatia.
* Chile.
* Switzerland.

In which countries is March 8 NOT celebrated?

* In the USA, the holiday is not an official holiday. In 1994, an attempt by activists to get the celebration approved by Congress failed.

* In the Czech Republic (Czech Republic) - most of the country's population views the holiday as a relic of the communist past and main symbol old regime.