Detailed map of the Krasnoyarsk Territory with settlements, regions, cities

Krasnoyarsk Territory is a unique Siberian region, occupying a tenth of the territory of Russia. The Krasnoyarsk Territory stretches from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the mountains of Southern Siberia and occupies the central Asian part of Russia.

Brief information

We want to tell you about the Krasnoyarsk Territory - a unique Siberian region, occupying a tenth of the territory of Russia. The Krasnoyarsk Territory stretches from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the mountains of Southern Siberia and occupies the central Asian part of Russia. The region is located between 51° and 81° northern latitude and 78° and 113° eastern longitude.

The region includes the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) and Evenki Autonomous Okrugs, Turukhansky, Yenisei and North Yenisei regions. The territory of the region occupies an area equal to 2339.7 thousand km2. This territory could easily accommodate ten Great Britains or four and a half Frances. The Krasnoyarsk Territory stretches almost 3000 km from the Arctic Ocean to the Sayan Mountains. The length from west to east is 1250 kilometers, and along the Trans-Siberian Railway - 650 kilometers. The most northern point edge - Cape Chelyuskin, which is the northernmost point of Russia and the Asian continent.

The Krasnoyarsk Territory borders on the Republic of Tyva, the Altai Territory, the Kemerovo, Tomsk, Tyumen, Irkutsk regions, and the Republic of Sakha.

The region's topography is varied: lowlands, plains, plateaus and mountains, varying in height and origin. So in the south of the region the Sayan ranges rose, in the center, on the right bank of the Yenisei, there is the vast Central Siberian Plateau, on the Taimyr Peninsula and along the left bank of the Yenisei there is a strip of lowland.

The edge crosses several natural areas: arctic, tundra, taiga (most of it), forest-steppe and steppe. The total forest area is almost 150 million hectares, accounting for one-fifth of the country's forest area. The predominant tree species are pine, larch, Siberian cedar, spruce, fir, birch.

As for the hydrographic description, these are thousands of crystal clear and mineralized, mountain, taiga and tundra rivers. Tens of thousands of lakes, including the largest and deepest, after Lake Baikal, Russian lakes - Taimyr, Dyupkun, Khantaika, etc. The largest waterfalls in Russia are on the Kureika and Yadun rivers.

The approximate population density is 1 person per 35 km2 (and the population is concentrated in villages, most territories are visited only by hunters).

The climate of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is sharply continental, characterized by strong fluctuations in air temperatures throughout the year. Due to long distance The climate is very heterogeneous. The central and southern regions of the region, where the bulk of the population lives, are characterized by a continental climate with long winters and short, hot summers. Autumn is often dry, with early frosts. On average, 316 mm of precipitation falls per year, most of it in summer. The average January temperature is –36°C in the north, 18°C ​​in the south, in July - 10°C and 20°C, respectively.

The fauna of the region is rich and diverse. These include fur-bearing animals (sable, fox, arctic fox, etc.), also bear, wolf, wolverine, elk, mountain sheep, taiga and reindeer, and seal. There are countless hogweeds, waterfowl and birds of prey, including unique ones - pink gull, peregrine falcon, red-breasted goose, etc.

The Yenisei and its tributaries are full various types rare and common fish: taimen, brown trout, arctic and lake char nelma, sturgeon, sterlet, pike, grayling, etc.

In the depths there are large reserves of gold, precious metals and stones. However, the geology of the region, as well as the flora and fauna, have been completely unexplored and pose a mystery to scientists.

Almost the entire territory is untouched by industrial development. Local production is based on reindeer husbandry, fishing and hunting. According to scientists, the region is the most environmentally friendly in Russia, and possibly in the world.

There are unique peoples in the region, such as Keto - 718 people, Nganasans - 809, Enets - 209, etc., whose languages, culture and religion are unique. In fact, the ancient taiga-tundra culture carried by these peoples has been preserved (including shamanism, rituals, ancient medicine, everyday life, crafts, etc.).

HISTORY OF KRASNOYARSK

KRASNOYARSK is the administrative center of a giant region. Krasnoyarsk received city status in 1690, when Siberia was finally annexed to Russia, and in 1822, by royal command, the Yenisei province was created, and Krasnoyarsk became its center. The territory of the city is 37.06 thousand hectares. The main attraction of Krasnoyarsk is the Yenisei. Its length is 3487 km, the basin area is 2580 thousand sq.m. This is the most abundant river in Russia. It is no coincidence that the most powerful hydroelectric power stations in Eurasia were built on the Yenisei: the Sayano-Shushenskaya and Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power stations.

The Yenisei is the watershed between the Eastern and Western Siberia. This circumstance gives a special flavor to Krasnoyarsk, whose residential areas are located on both banks of the river. Krasnoyarsk bridges require special discussion. The long-standing pride of Krasnoyarsk residents is the railway bridge across the Yenisei, built in 1899. Unique bridges across the Yenisei were also built by our contemporaries. In 1961, a communal bridge with a length of 2100 meters was put into operation. But the Oktyabrsky Highway Bridge across the Yenisei, built in 1986, turned out to be even more grandiose: with a width of 41 meters, it has a length of more than 5,000 meters.

The question of building a new fort on the middle Yenisei was first raised by the Yenisei voivode to the government, Yakov Ignatievich Khripunov. The boyar's son, Andrei Anufrievich Dubensky, who was sent by him in 1623, chose a place for the new city, 4 days of horse riding from Yeniseisk, on a high flat cape (arrow), formed between the mouth of the Izyr-su (Kachi) river and the Yenisei. From the southwest the arrow was limited by the Black Hill, covered with pine forest. The high left bank of the Kacha rose steeply, forming a picturesque ridge. Along the right bank of the Yenisei, opposite the place chosen for the prison, named “Red” (after the color of the steep bank), stretched the Kuysum Mountains, covered with forest.

Having reached the intended place, in August 1628, Dubensky’s detachment immediately erected a “plank town” from dismantled planks, fortified with pillars dug into the ground, connected at the top and bottom with thick poles. Immediately after the walls were erected, a ditch three meters deep and about 10 m wide was dug around. A wooden palisade made of sharpened long stakes was installed along the bottom of the ditch. The outer fortifications of the fort were successfully complemented by a log guard tower at the highest point of the Kum-Tigey hill (now Pokrovskaya) on the left bank of the Kachi. The voivode's courtyard was located near the eastern wall. The prison was an ordinary three-story hut, located in the northwestern corner of the fort. At the northern wall, under one roof, there was a “sable barn” for furs and a powder magazine. Inside the fort, 30 huts were built for the Cossacks - one for every ten. Subsequently, the fort walls were partially replaced several times, but the area of ​​the small fort remained almost unchanged.

From the first days, Krasnoyarsk residents had to assert their right to exist with weapons. The devastating raids of the Kyrgyz on Krasnoyarsk continued until the beginning of the 18th century. Since the 60s In the 17th century, when the struggle between Dzungaria and the Altyn Khans intensified, Krasnoyarsk repeatedly found itself on the brink of destruction.

Thus, in mid-1667, the combined forces of the Dzungar and Kyrgyz feudal lords besieged Krasnoyarsk “on both sides of the Yenisei.” The Krasnoyarsk residents fought back with great difficulty, losing 194 people killed, that is, more than a third of the entire garrison. All surrounding villages were burned out, and the inhabitants were taken prisoner. Krasny Yar survived with difficulty in September 1679, when the Kirghiz ravaged and burned 16 villages in the district.

The measures taken and retaliatory campaigns against the Kyrgyz uluses led to the fact that end of XVII V. in general, the territory of the Yenisei region was annexed to Russia.

Since the 20s of the 18th century, peaceful life came forever to the banks of the Yenisei. However, the almost complete unpopulation of the southern fertile regions by Russians and strong competition from Tomsk, Yeniseisk and Irkutsk did not allow Krasnoyarsk to turn into a large commercial and industrial point. The city almost did not grow quantitatively and territorially. So, in 1720 there were 369 households and 1,250 male souls, and in 1784 - 337 households and 1,046 male souls. The scale of the exit from the city looks even more significant if we take into account the high natural population growth.

With the construction of the Moscow-Siberian Highway, the city found itself at the crossroads of the most important land and water routes. However, the influx of population from outside was small. In general, in the 18th century, the number of townspeople depended on the size of natural growth and the content of economic life. Changes were also taking place in this area. Many city residents began to engage in farming, and Krasnoyarsk became a prominent center of the agricultural district, supplying grain and livestock to Yeniseisk, Turukhansk, Altai and the lower reaches of the Ob. Among the trades, occupations related to the maintenance of field cultivation and processing of its products became noticeable. There were up to a dozen mills on the rivers Kache, Panyukovka and Bazaikha. The village of Esaulovo became one of the centers of river shipbuilding on the Yenisei.

With the construction of the Moscow-Siberian Highway, life in the city became livelier. By the end of the 18th century, soap makers, tanners, tailors, joiners, carpenters and other artisans appeared in the city.

In the cultural development of Krasnoyarsk in the second century of its existence, it took a new step forward. Homeschooling has become widespread. In 1759, a Latin school was opened to educate the children of the clergy. About 30 students attended the school. After 30 years, classes at the Krasnoyarsk Small Public School began in the refectory of the Resurrection Cathedral, which was attended by 100 boys and girls in the first year. For the first two years it was the largest secondary school in Siberia.

On the initiative of the physician and educator Stepan Mikhailovich Kashkarev, the first county public library in Russia was founded in the city in April - June 1784.

In 1782, the Yenisei province, formed during the time of Peter I, which covered almost the entire region, was liquidated. The territory of the former Krasnoyarsk district was immediately included in three governorships: Tobolsk, Kolyvan and Irkutsk. Krasnoyarsk began to submit not to Tobolsk, but to Kolyvan (Berdsk), the center of the new Kolyvan governorship, and the question of whether the center of the county should be moved to the Abakan fort was discussed. Nevertheless, Krasnoyarsk retained its former administrative significance.

In 1797, Krasnoyarsk district was included in the Tobolsk province, adding Achinsk district to it. Since 1804, Krasnoyarsk was subordinated to Tomsk, which became a provincial city.

In general, before the revolution, Siberia was not lucky “with its rulers.” In the 17th century, the government ordered local governors to “do all sorts of things according to their own discretion and as God bestows on their souls.” Siberians were far from prosperous when they entered the 18th century. The first Siberian governor, Prince Matvey Petrovich Gagarin, was hanged by order of Peter I in 1721 “for unheard-of theft.”

Urban and rural residents, exhausted by the autocracy of the “Siberian villains and bloodsuckers,” had the only means of struggle - complaints and denunciations. But the checks were drowning in a bureaucratic swamp. The accused could always explain everything and justify themselves in everything. Finally, they finally stopped believing the complaints, and under Catherine II, Siberians who dared to tell the truth about the state of affairs began to be called sneakers.

Complaints against local authorities came to the capital from different parts of Siberia. Often these messages were smuggled out - for example, in baked bread. In 1818, the Irkutsk tradesman Salomatov managed to get all the way through China to St. Petersburg and hand over his letter personally to the Tsar. At the same time, he asked Alexander I to rid Siberia from the tyranny of Governor General I. Pestel at any cost. The matter was set in motion. In March 1819, Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky was appointed the new Governor-General of Siberia.

Mikhail Mikhailovich always assessed his actions in Siberia practically. He understood that his tough measures could only stop, but not eliminate, abuses local authorities. There was only one way out of this impasse - an urgent administrative reforms. The count believed that as many people as possible should participate in the transformations, who would be personally interested in creating an honest, decent government. The basis for the Siberian reforms was a document called “Institution for the management of the Siberian provinces” (Irkutsk, 1822). It included a number of regulations, clarifications and statutes. According to this document, Siberia was divided into Western and Eastern.

In 1822, Krasnoyarsk became a provincial center, since “its area was more suitable, compared to the situation of other cities, for concluding provincial rule in it.” Overnight, a provincial town, more like a village, suddenly began to be called a provincial town with all the privileges that entailed. The city had its first hospital, fire brigade and a beautiful city garden.

Since 1858, a craft council operated in Krasnoyarsk, monitoring the quality of the products of stove makers, mechanics and carpenters. There was a philistine council in the city, which had the right to evict careless residents from Krasnoyarsk, as well as collect taxes and monitor recruitment. The council was headed by an elected elder, who made an oath in the presence of the townspeople.

Thanks to a reasonable tax system, the city managed to make ends meet. Taxes were taken for real estate, for renting land and water. They even introduced a tax on dogs, from which all proceeds were used to catch stray animals.

The mayor of the city, Nikolai Shepetkovsky, who was also in charge of the city public library, was the first to publish the magazine “Review of the Municipal Economy of the City of Krasnoyarsk” with a circulation of 500 copies. Journalists of those years understood that farming required wide publicity and generalization of any positive experience.

In 1861, the Yenisei diocese was opened. By the end of the 19th century in Krasnoyarsk there were 10 Orthodox churches, 2 cathedrals (Cathedral and Annunciation), synagogue, mosque and Roman Catholic churches.

From the middle of the 18th century, Krasnoyarsk became a city of exiles. Among them: A.N. Radishchev, M.I. Fonvizin, V.L. Davydov, M.F. Mitkov, brothers Bobrishchev - Pushkin, N.G. Chernyshevsky, V.I. Lenin, I.V. Stalin, Ya.M. Sverdlov, famous surgeon - Bishop V.F. War - Yasensky, son of Trotsky - S.L. Sedov, Osip Mandelstam, daughter of Marina Tsvetaeva - Ariadna Efron, professor I.Ya. Bashilov, who obtained the first grams of platinum, radium and gold from Norilsk ores.

Since 1934, Krasnoyarsk has been the administrative center of the region with a rapidly developing industry. By the beginning of 1941, 38,824 people worked at all industrial enterprises in the city. During the war, the number of industrial enterprises grew from 44 to 62. Only the Kolomna Plant named after. Voroshilov evacuated about 10 thousand people to Krasmash. Along with them, machine tools arrived in 537 wagons, and materials in 627.

IN post-war years Krasnoyarsk is becoming the industrial center of Siberia. One after another, new factories came into operation: tire, rubber products, silk, biochemical, medical supplies, aluminum, metallurgical, excavator and others. Now the city has more than 150 enterprises that ship their products to dozens of countries around the world.

CULTURE OF THE REGION

From the Sayan ridges to the Kara Sea, the mighty, handsome Yenisei proudly and majestically rolls its waters. Many peoples of Siberia live on its shores, having their own culture, literature and art. This huge and beautiful region became a source of inspiration for the State Dance Ensemble of Siberia named after M.S. Godenko, who through the means of choreographic art reveals the spiritual wealth of Siberians, glorifies the heroism of their everyday life, talks about the amazing nature of the Krasnoyarsk region. This ensemble is the pride of the region. He toured in more than 50 countries around the world.

Modern Krasnoyarsk is enormous in its production potential, but even greater power is hidden in its people. The Krasnoyarsk Municipal Chamber Orchestra under the direction of M. Benyumov was created as a professional ensemble in May 1993, thanks to the support of the city administration headed by V.A. Pozdnyakov. Average age artists - 25 years. This provides good prospects for further creative growth, improving skills, and expanding the repertoire.

The orchestra collaborates with many wonderful soloists.

IN different years performed with him:

People's Artist of Russia, Professor V. Tonkha (cello);

People's Artist of Russia Igor Frolov (violin);

Laureate of International competitions Lyudmila Kamelina (organ);

People's Artist of Russia Olga Sinitsina;

Honored Artist Natalya Sokolova;

soloist of the Opera and Ballet Theater Zhanetta Tarayan;

baritone Alexander Hvorostovsky.

Major milestone creative development The orchestra took part in the II International Festival of the Asia-Pacific Region in 1995.

The dance group "Free Ballet of Valery Tereshkin" made a significant contribution to the development of culture. The team, consisting of 16 dancers, was founded 10 years ago. The repertoire of this dance group includes performances in the modern style, jazz, classical dance, original genre with elements of sports choreography.

In 1996, Valery Tereshkin's free ballet became a diploma winner at the international competition of the World Congress of Jazz Dance (Washington, USA).

In July 1997, he successfully performed in Germany at a similar competition and won a silver prize in the category of youth groups.

In August 1998, Valery Tereshkin and Free Ballet won the Bronze LEO prize at the World Jazz Dance Congress (Phoenix, Arizona, USA).

The Krasnoyarsk dance ensemble "Yenisei Dawns", which was created in 1968, has great worldwide fame. The founder of the ensemble and director of all programs is Honored Artist of Russia Gennady Petukhov.

Within a short time, the ensemble acquired a high professional level. He repeatedly took part in concerts on the stage of the Kremlin Palace of Congresses, and appeared on Central Television in the programs “Wider Circle” and “ Folk art", took part in the opening and closing ceremonies of the XXII Olympic Games and the XII World Festival.

Over the past 30 years, many dance programs have been created that reflect the traditions of the people and the history of Krasnoyarsk. The ensemble's repertoire includes lyrical, comic, folklore, ritual and modern Russian dances. The ensemble has shown its dance programs in more than 20 countries around the world, including the USA, Austria, Korea, Philippines, India, Italy, France.

Another Krasnoyarsk resident, Dmitry Hvorostovsky, gained worldwide fame. He won Best Voice at the Cardiff International Vocal Competition and won the prestigious Toulouse Vocal Competition in France.

A geographical province does not mean a cultural province. Few people know that it was in Krasnoyarsk, back in 1784, that the first county library in Russia was opened. But maybe it was then that it was sown golden grain that a century and a half later emerged as the genius of the Russian writer Viktor Petrovich Astafiev. There is no point in listing the titles of books written by Viktor Petrovich. They were read by millions of Russians, they were translated into dozens of languages ​​in many countries around the world.

In Krasnoyarsk in the 60s, another famous Russian writer, Valentin Rasputin, began his career as a correspondent for the regional youth newspaper.

At the end of the last century, Vasily Ivanovich Surikov, who was born here in 1848 into an old Cossack family, brought world fame to the small provincial town. The great painter became a classic during his lifetime. His paintings have become the decoration and pride of the best museums in the world. Krasnoyarsk residents carefully preserve his memory: in the estate where he was born, there is now a memorial museum bearing his name. A children's art school, art school, and art museum in Krasnoyarsk also bear Surikov's name. Art Museum named after V.I. Surikov has in its collections more than 7,000 exhibits of works of Russian and modern painting, graphics, sculpture, decorative and applied arts.

Krasnoyarsk is growing and becoming prettier. New areas and streets are appearing, old ones are being expanded and improved. There are 11 professional theaters in the Region, including an opera and ballet theater, a musical comedy theater, a drama theater, a young spectator theater and a puppet theater, dozens of museums and exhibition salons, an organ hall, the beautiful Bolshoi and Maly concert halls, swimming pools and stadiums.

The most interesting architectural and cultural monuments include the monasteries and churches of Yeniseisk and the ethnographic museum in Shushenskoye. In various natural areas of the region, 4 state reserves have been created, the most famous is the natural complex "Stolby".

In the vicinity of Krasnoyarsk there are picturesque tourist centers and sanatoriums for recreation both in summer and winter. A 10-day cruise along the Yenisei on a modern ship is very popular among foreign tourists.

Russian civilization

Krasnoyarsk region- a subject of the Russian Federation, part of the Siberian Federal District.

Date of formation: 1934.

Square— 2,366,797 sq. km.
Length: north to south - about 3000 km, from west to east 1250 km (in the northern part) and 650 km (along the Trans-Siberian Railway). Krasnoyarsk Territory is the second largest region in Russia.

Population— 2,876,497 people (2018 data)
Population density – 1.22 people. per 1 sq. km.
The share of the urban population is 75.7%, rural - 24.3%.

Administrative center- Krasnoyarsk city.

Geographical position
The Krasnoyarsk Territory occupies a central geographical position in Russia and extends from the Arctic Ocean to the southern slopes of the Altai-Sayan mountain system. On the territory of the region there is the northernmost point of Russia, which is also the northernmost point of the Eurasian continent - this is Cape Chelyuskin. The geographical center of Russia is also in the Krasnoyarsk Territory - it is located in the vicinity of Lake Vivi.

Until 2005, the Krasnoyarsk Territory included two autonomous okrugs: in the north - Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets), in the north-west - Evenki. In 2005 they were transformed into municipal districts and remained part of the region.

Borders: In the east - with the Irkutsk region, in the south - with the Republic of Tyva, in the west - with the Republic of Khakassia, Kemerovo and Tomsk regions, Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrugs of the Tyumen region.

Within the region are the Taimyr and eastern parts of the Gydan Peninsula. It includes many islands of the Arctic Ocean: the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago, the islands of Nordenskiöld, Vilkitsky, Uedineniya, Oleniy, Sibiryakova, Dikson, etc.

Relief of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Stretching from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the mountains of Southern Siberia for almost 3 thousand kilometers, and from west to east - for 1250, the Krasnoyarsk Territory is distinguished by an exceptional diversity of natural landscapes, including relief.

The coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, located in the far north of the region, is indented by numerous bays and bays of the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. The central part of the peninsula is occupied by the low Byrranga mountains, the average height of which is 400-600 m. They drop steeply in the south to the heavily swampy North Siberian Lowland with a large number of lakes (called within the region the Yenisei-Khatanga depression).

Over a large area of ​​the northern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Yenisei River carved out a valley at the junction of two tectonic structures. From the right bank to the Yenisei valley, the Central Siberian Plateau and the Yenisei Ridge descend in ledges. The Central Siberian Plateau is composed of sandstones, limestones, shale, and coal, which in many places are covered by magmatic outpourings - traps. In the northwestern part of the plateau rises the Putorana plateau, the heights of which in some places exceed 1600 m, and the highest point is Mount Kamen, 1701 m.

On the left bank of the Yenisei there is the West Siberian Lowland, its topography is mainly a hilly plain, there are many lakes, swamps and rivers. In the north, the West Siberian Lowland merges with the vast, heavily swamped Yenisei-Khatanga Lowland, which occupies the southern part of the Taimyr Peninsula.

The south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is occupied by mountains and intermountain depressions of the Altai-Sayan mountainous country. The ridges of the Eastern and Western Sayans and Kuznetsk Alatau rise here. At the foot of the ranges lies the coal-rich Minusinsk Basin with its favorable climate and plowed steppes.

The Eastern Sayan begins a little west of the city of Krasnoyarsk and runs in the southeast to the mountains of Transbaikalia. This extensive mountainous region consists of many mountain ranges, depressions and high plateaus. There are several flat-topped ridges up to 900 m high, which are called “Belogorya” - Manskoye, Kanskoye, Pezinskoye and others. The name “Belogorye” comes from Russian pioneers, who called it that way in the 17th century. “mountains covered with snow in summer.” In the Eastern Sayan Mountains there are many karst caves - a delight for speleologists. The Krasnoyarsk region leads in the number of caves: about 150 caves have already been recorded here, among them is the longest cave in Russia - Bolshaya Oreshnaya, over 50 km long.

The Western Sayan stretches on the southern border of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for more than 650 km. It consists of many ridges - Ergaki, Sayansky, Kurtushibinsky, Tazarama, Dzhebashsky, Aradansky, etc.) and ancient alignment surfaces. In the southwest stretches the Kuznetsk Alatau, separating the Minusinsk depression from the Kuznetsk depression.

Water resources of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

One of the largest rivers in the world, the Yenisei, flows from south to north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. There are also many lakes in the region: 323 thousand lakes with dimensions of more than 300 meters and a surface area of ​​more than ten hectares. Besides a large number of lakes appear once every few years - during intense snow melting. About 86% of the lakes in the region are located beyond the Arctic Circle. One of the largest lakes is Taimyr. Its mirror area is 4560 km?. Other large lakes: Bolshoye Khantaiskoe, Pyasino, Keta, Lama. There are about 16 thousand lakes in the central part of the region. There are more than four thousand lakes in the south of the region. The waters of some lakes are used for medicinal purposes. These are lakes: Ladeinoye, Uchum, Tagarskoye, Ingol, Kyzykul, etc.

Climate of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The climate of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is sharply continental, characterized by strong fluctuations in air temperatures throughout the year. Due to the large extent of the region in the meridional direction, the climate is very heterogeneous.

There are 3 climatic zones in the region: arctic, subarctic and temperate. Within each of them, changes in climatic characteristics are noticeable not only from north to south, but also from west to east. Therefore, western and eastern climatic regions are distinguished, the border of which runs along the valley of the Yenisei River. The duration of the period with temperatures above 10 C in the north of the region is less than 40 days, in the south 110-120 days.

For the central part of the region, predominantly flat, with island forest-steppes and fertile soils, characterized by relatively short hot summers, long Cold winter, rapid temperature changes. In the south of the region there are warm summers and moderately harsh winters with little snow. Dry fresh air, the abundance of sunny days in summer, the healing waters of springs and numerous lakes create favorable conditions for the construction of resorts, sanatoriums and recreation centers.

The average temperature in January is -36 degrees C in the north and -18 degrees C in the south; in July, respectively, +10 degrees C and +20 degrees C. On average, 316 mm of precipitation falls per year, most of it in summer, in the foothills of the Sayan Mountains 600-1000 mm. Snow cover sets in at the beginning of November and disappears by the end of March. In the mountains of Eastern and Western Sayan, snow remains in some years all year round. Here the snow lies at an altitude of 2400 - 2600 m, in the Putorana mountains - at an altitude of 1000-1300 m.

Natural areas. Flora of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, patterns of latitudinal-zonal division are clearly visible. The northern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is occupied by arctic deserts with an average annual temperature of 11-14 degrees C and sparse vegetation. Tundra zones occupy 500-60 m. The average annual temperature is 12 degrees.

The Krasnoyarsk Territory is located in several natural zones, these are: arctic, tundra, taiga (most of them), forest-steppe and steppe. On the Taimyr Peninsula, swampy peat soils predominate in the arctic desert and tundra zones. Moss-lichen, especially reindeer tundra, is used as pasture for deer. To the south of Taimyr there is a narrow strip of forest-tundra, where, along with shrub tundra, there are islands of forests of larch on slightly podzolic soils and spruce on peat-gley soils. The tundra zone extends from north to south for 500-600 km.

To the south of the tundra there are forest-tundra zones, represented by open larch forests.

To the south, the taiga begins, which stretches from north to south for 1200-1300 km. The taiga zone occupies most of the West Siberian Plain and the Central Siberian Plateau, and in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in places it merges with the mountain taiga forests of the Western and Eastern Sayan. According to the nature of the vegetation, the taiga zone is divided into northern, middle and southern subzones, in each of which there is a western, moderately humid province and an eastern, drier province.

The northern subzone (northern taiga) is dominated by swampy sparse forests of Daurian larch with an admixture of spruce and birch on frozen-gley-podzolic soils.

The middle subzone (middle taiga) is south of the Arctic Circle, and is dominated by shrub and grass-shrub larch forests on podzolic and frozen-taiga soils.

The southern subzone (southern taiga) begins south of Podkamennaya Tunguska. In the western part (mainly along the left bank of the Yenisei, as well as within the Yenisei Ridge), dark coniferous forests predominate: spruce, fir, Siberian pine, Siberian larch; and on the larger eastern side - larch-pine and pine forests Angara region on sod-podzolic permafrost soils.

Between the taiga zone and the island forest-steppes lying to the south there is a strip of mixed and small-leaved forests (southern subtaiga), combining the landscapes of taiga and forest-steppe. Island forest-steppes (Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kansk), passing to the south into the steppes of the Minusinsk Basin, are characterized by flat and hilly-ridged terrain, fertile gray forest, chernozem and chestnut soils.

In the Western and Eastern Sayans, the altitudinal zonation is clearly expressed: mountain forest-steppe on the outskirts of the Minusinsk Basin, park larch forests and mountain taiga (fir, spruce, larch, at the upper limit of the forests - cedar pine) are replaced by meadow and mountain-tundra vegetation on the tops of the highest ridges .

Fauna of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The fauna of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is rich and diverse in accordance with natural and climatic conditions. There is a constant penetration of eastern and western species and subspecies of animals into the territory of the region.

Of commercial importance are: sable, squirrel, arctic fox, fox, ermine, as well as wild reindeer. The wild reindeer population is estimated at 600 thousand heads. In total, the region is home to 342 species of birds and 89 species of mammals.

In the rivers of the Krasnoyarsk Territory there are about thirty species of commercial fish: sturgeon, sterlet, taimen, grayling, whitefish, and others. About sixty species of fish live in the northern regions of the region.

Over three hundred and seventy species of birds live on the territory of the region, of which several dozen species of representatives of the orders Galliformes, Anseriformes, Charadriiformes and some other orders are of commercial importance.

Minerals of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The region contains more than 95% of Russian reserves of nickel and platinum group metals, more than 20% of gold, significant reserves of cobalt, nepheline ores, magnesites, Iceland spar, fine quartz sands, refractory clays, graphite, 63 types of industrial metals and other minerals. Also, about 70% of Russian coal reserves are located here. 25 oil and gas fields have been discovered in the region. In addition, there is one of the largest lead deposits in the world, Gorevskoe. There is manganese, etc.

Distinctive features. Krasnoyarsk Territory is located on the border of Western and Eastern Siberia. This is one of the largest regions of Russia, rich natural resources, including mineral resources.

The Krasnoyarsk Territory stretches from south to north, and its length along the meridian is almost 3000 km. He was just a little short of reaching the southern borders of Russia, and then he would have cut through the Russian Federation from the cold shores of the Arctic in the north to the Sayan Mountains in the south.

A feature of the region, associated with its large extent, is the diversity of natural zones, landscapes and climate. In the north is the Taimyr Peninsula, where, with the help of the World Wildlife Fund, the largest Great Arctic Nature Reserve in Eurasia was created, covering an area of ​​4.1 million hectares.

Taimyr patterns. Photo by s-tyamuhev2010 (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/s-tyamushev2010/)

Other interesting sites are the Stolby Nature Reserve - a Mecca for rock climbers, the Shushenskoye Nature Reserve, where the leader of the revolution Vladimir Lenin once served his exile, the Biryusinsky Caves natural complex, the Putorana Plateau, Anashensky Forest and many others.

Maslenitsa in Shushenskoye. Photo by Yuri Spartak Myagky (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/red-white-fan/)

Despite the vast territories, the Krasnoyarsk lands have not given Russia many famous people. However, some people can be highlighted. For example, Vyacheslav Butusov, vocalist of the cult rock band Nautilus Pompilius.

From an economic point of view, the Krasnoyarsk Territory is a fairly developed region. It is a center of hydropower thanks to the mighty Yenisei River, on which three hydroelectric power stations are built. In the depths of the region there is a myriad of minerals, including 95% of Russian reserves of nickel and platinum group metals, 20% of gold reserves. In the industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, it ranks first non-ferrous metallurgy- production of aluminum, nickel, platinum and other metals. There are also many mechanical engineering, chemical and oil refining industries here.

Geographical location. The Krasnoyarsk Territory is located in Eastern Siberia and, accordingly, is the largest region of the Siberian Federal District. Main river- Yenisei, one of the largest rivers in Siberia. It is in its basin that the main populated areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are located. Another important river is the Angara, its tributary. On the right bank of the Yenisei there is the Central Siberian Plateau, and on the left bank there is a lowland.

View of Krasnoyarsk from the Krasnoyarsk Pillars Nature Reserve. Photo by kgv008952 (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/kgv008952/)

There are 323 thousand lakes in the region, most of which are on the Taimyr Peninsula.

Thanks to its vast territory, the Krasnoyarsk Territory has many neighbors: in the east - the Republic of Sakha, in the south - the Republic of Tyva and the Republic of Khakassia, in the west - the Kemerovo and Tomsk regions, the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. From the north, the shores of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are washed by the waters of the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea.

Population Krasnoyarsk Territory - 2846475 people. The region is characterized by low population density (1.2 people/sq. km) and positive natural population growth (1.6 people per 1000 inhabitants). 88% of the population are Russians, 1.39% are Ukrainians, 1.28% are Tatars. There are also many indigenous peoples living here, albeit small in number. For example, these are the Dolgans and Nenets in the north, or the Evenks in the central part.

Although the Krasnoyarsk Territory is large, the bulk of its population (about 80%) lives in a relatively small area south of the Angara, accounting for 10% of the territory of the region. It is here that the entire life of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, its industrial, scientific and cultural potential is concentrated.

Crime. The Krasnoyarsk Territory, like many Siberian regions, is characterized by a high level of crime. In the ranking of regions by crime level, it ranks 12th, which in the first half of 2011 corresponded to 11.25 crimes per thousand residents.

Unemployment rate in the Krasnoyarsk Territory - 5.55%. The average salary in the Krasnoyarsk region is 27,185 rubles. Maybe this is not a very large amount for Siberia, given the high cost of local products and goods. But in some industries wages are much higher. For example, in the field of extraction of fuel and energy resources - 65,486 rubles, in the production of coke, petroleum products and nuclear materials - 54,912 rubles.

Property value in the Krasnoyarsk Territory it is quite high, although Krasnoyarsk is very far from Moscow or Novy Urengoy. average price square meter housing in Krasnoyarsk - 58,785 rubles. per sq. meter. In the Krasnoyarsk suburb of Sosnovoborsk - 42,618 rubles. per sq. meter, in Divnogorsk - 41,721 rubles. per sq. meter. To buy a normal one one-room apartment in Krasnoyarsk, you need to have about 2 million rubles, and for a two-room apartment - 2.5 million rubles.

Climate. There are 3 climatic zones in the region: arctic, subarctic and temperate. Since within each of them changes in climatic characteristics are noticeable not only from north to south, but also from west to east, western and eastern climatic regions are distinguished, the border of which runs along the valley of the Yenisei River.

For those who have no idea what icy hell is, there is the city of Dudinka. Photo by nordroden (http://nordroden.livejournal.com/)

The central part of the region is characterized by relatively short hot summers, long cold winters, and rapid temperature changes. In the south of the region there are warm summers and moderately harsh winters with little snow. It is here that favorable conditions have been created for the construction of resorts, sanatoriums and recreation centers, especially since there are many healing springs and lakes.

The average January temperature is −36°C in the north and −18°C in the south, and in July, respectively, +10°C and +20°C. On average, 316 mm of precipitation falls per year, most of it in summer; in the foothills of the Sayan Mountains there is much more: 600-1000 mm.

Cities of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

- capital of the region. Population - 1,016,385 people. Founded in 1628 on the banks of the Yenisei River as the Krasnoyarsk fort. Since then it has become one of the largest economic centers in Siberia. Krasnoyarsk has repeatedly received awards as “ Best city CIS" or "The most comfortable city in Russia."

The character of the city's inhabitants can be learned from its coat of arms. It depicts a workaholic lion. In his left paw he holds a sickle, and in his right paw he holds a shovel. That is, the right hand does not know what the left hand is doing. Although, as planned, these instruments should symbolize Agriculture and ore mining. IN Soviet era A huge number of factories in various industries were built in Krasnoyarsk, many of which are not currently operating. Despite this, Krasnoyarsk remains the largest industrial city in Eastern Siberia.

The second largest city by population (177,738 people) after Murmansk, located beyond the Arctic Circle. Construction of the city began in 1935 next to the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine. Now the enterprise belongs to the Norilsk Nickel company. Today it is one of the largest enterprises in the world producing palladium, platinum, nickel and other valuable metals. Unfortunately, Norilsk Nickel’s work has had the most terrible impact on the ecology of the city, which is considered one of the dirtiest in Russia. Another problem is the cold Arctic climate: summers are short, winters are long, and there is practically no spring.

The third largest city in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (population - 107,583 people) was founded in 1683. For a long time it was a place where exiles, including revolutionaries, served their sentences. In 1970, the Achinsk Alumina Refinery began operations (now part of Russian Aluminum and called RUSAL Achinsk), which became largest enterprise cities. In addition to this, there are cement and oil refineries in the city. However, people prefer to leave Achinsk; besides, Krasnoyarsk is very close.

Kansk(92,575 thousand people) - founded in 1628 on the Kan River. After passing through the city Siberian tract, it began to develop intensively and became the center of leather craft. But the main component of the city's economy was agriculture. Under the USSR, the situation did not change radically. Yes, several new factories have appeared. But there are few of them. These are mainly enterprises of the food industry (distillery and brewery - how could we live without them?), chemical, and woodworking industries.

(“Krasnoyarsk-26”) is a small city near Krasnoyarsk with a population of 85 thousand people. It appeared in connection with the construction of a plant for the production of weapons-grade plutonium here in 1950. Having become the main enterprise of the city, the mining and chemical plant is a huge underground complex, comparable in scale to the Moscow metro. Apart from this enterprise, the situation in the city is quite pleasant: there is a large beautiful lake, wide streets, modern houses in new areas. The only problem is that due to the nuclear, defense and space industry enterprises, Zheleznogorsk has the status of a closed administrative-territorial entity.

Krasnoyarsk is the largest of the 9 existing regions of Russia. In terms of territory size, it is the second subject of the Federation, second only to the Republic of Sakha. According to the administrative and economic division, the region belongs to the Siberian Federal District and the East Siberian Economic Region. The capital of the region is, of course, the city of Krasnoyarsk.

Description of the region

With an area of ​​2,367 km, it ranks 14th among the country’s regions in terms of population and has a population of about 3 million.

In the east, the region borders on the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Sakha (formerly Yakutia). The western borders pass through the Khanty-Mansiysk, Yamalo-Nenets districts, Tomsk and Kemerovo regions; southern - the Republics of Tuva and Khakassia. The northern borders of the region are washed by the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.

The region was formed during the USSR on the territory that was previously occupied by the Yenisei province. In Soviet times, the region included 31 districts, Khakassia, Evenki and Taimyr districts. In 1991, after the collapse of the USSR, the Khakass region became an autonomous subject of the Federation.

Modern Administrative division The region includes 44 districts and 17 urban districts, headed by a governor.

Geographical information

The extreme regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory pass along the regional demarcation lines of Eastern Siberia and stretch for almost 3,000 km from north to south. In the north, the Putorana plateau rises, and the southern border abuts the Altai-Sayan mountain range. The most high point edge - Mount Kamen, whose height is 1,701 m.

The large Yenisei River flows throughout the region. On the left side of the stream is the West Siberian Lowland, and on the right is the Northern Banks, washed by two seas: the Laptev and Kara. TO Krasnodar region also include islands that are located in the Arctic Ocean.

On the territory of the region it is located near Lake Vivi. The extreme northern point of the Federation is also located in the region - Cape Chelyuskin.

Climate

The climate of the region is varied. The Krasnoyarsk Territory, whose area covers the temperate, subarctic and arctic climatic zones, is divided into 5 regions. The harshest climate is in the northern region. High frosty temperatures, cold windy winters, short summers. On the Taimyr Peninsula there is almost always sub-zero air temperature, even in summer it is often below zero. On islands located in the ocean, the frosty period continues all year round, and the ground is covered with snow.

The central, western and eastern parts of the region have short, hot summers with a dry climate and long, harsh winters. The southern ones differ from the rest in their warm climate and moderately cold winters.

Minerals

Russia, including the Krasnoyarsk Territory, is very rich in mineral resources. There are more than 1000 deposits in the described region. The largest mineral deposits are: coal, peat, ferrous and non-ferrous metals. There are also 300 deposits of truly expensive metals in the region.

70% of all coal deposits in the country are located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The region contains the main state-owned deposits for the extraction of platinum, gold, and diamonds.

Water resources

In addition to minerals, the center of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is also rich in water resources. The high-water Russian river Yenisei, together with its tributaries, forms a single and natural transport system. There are more than 3,000 lakes.

Forest resources are also abundant. The forest fund of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is the second largest by region.

In terms of economy, this area is considered an industrial region of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and occupies a leading position in the energy sector of the state. A large one has been created metallurgical complex. The region also has a developed color metallurgical industry, mechanical engineering, metalworking, woodworking and chemical industries. IN last years The oil industry is also developing: the Vankor oil and gas field came into operation in 2009.

Lakes

The Krasnoyarsk region, whose area contains a huge number of lakes, is perfect for a great holiday with the family. There are several unique reservoirs in this area that dry up and then are reborn again. This is due to the hot climate and intense snow melting in spring. In the south, the region contains about 4 thousand lakes. Krasnoyarsk Territory, the area of ​​the central part contains 16 thousand reservoirs, is famous healing properties. People come here to be healed of various diseases. That is why these regions are quite popular among Russians and residents of nearby countries.

The Krasnoyarsk Territory was formed by a decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of December 7, 1934, within the borders of the Yenisei province, established by the Decree of Emperor Alexander I in 1822. It included 32 districts and districts, separated from the West Siberian and East Siberian territories, the Khakass Autonomous Region, the Taimyr and Evenki national districts. Then the territorial division of the region changed.

Story

In the Krasnoyarsk square, archaeologists discovered numerous ancient settlements, sites and burial grounds belonging to the Afontovo culture of the Late Paleolithic ( 20-12 thousand years ago) and the Afanasyevskaya culture of the Eneolithic ( end of the 3rd - beginning of the 2nd millennium BC e.). In more late time Several major migration waves swept across the territory of the region. By the 16th century, Samoyed (Nenets, Enets, Nganasans, Selkups), Tungus-Manchu (Evenks, Dolgans), Turkic (Yakuts) and Paleo-Asian (Kets) peoples lived in the tundra and taiga, engaged in reindeer herding, hunting and fishing.

Russians came to the Yenisei at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries. The forts they founded, necessary for further advancement to the east and for protection from attacks by nomads, then became large trade and administrative centers: Turukhansk (1607), Yeniseisk (1618), Krasnoyarsk (1628), Kansk (1629), Achinsk (1642) and etc. In the middle of the 18th century. The Moscow Highway, which connected it with other regions of Siberia, began to have a noticeable influence on the economy of the region. In the 1930-1940s. In the Yenisei province, as the region was then called, gold mining was intensively developing: in 1847, 1,302 pounds of gold were mined, or more than 90% of all gold production in Russia at that time. Both before the revolution and in Soviet time the territory of the region was used as a place of political and administrative exile.

Edge control

The main local law establishing the state-legal status of the region and regulating its economy and administrative structure, is the Charter of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, adopted on June 5, 2008. According to the Charter, legislative power in the territory of the region is exercised by the Legislative Assembly, consisting of 52 deputies - with a five-year term of office, executive power - by the governor, whom the deputies vest with powers on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation, and