Environmental consequences from the metallurgical and chemical industries. How does chemistry affect the environment or chemical pollution from industry?

Environmental pollution is an undesirable change in its properties, which leads or may lead to harmful effects on humans or natural systems. Most known species pollution - chemical (release into the environment harmful substances and compounds), but no less potential threat is posed by such types of pollution as radioactive, thermal (uncontrolled release of heat into the environment can lead to global changes in the natural climate), and noise. Environmental pollution is mainly associated with human economic activity (anthropogenic environmental pollution), but pollution is possible as a result of natural phenomena, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, meteorite falls, etc. All shells of the Earth are subject to pollution.

At all stages of his development, man was closely connected with the world around him. But since the emergence of a highly industrialized society, dangerous human intervention in nature has sharply increased, the scope of this intervention has expanded, it has become more diverse and now threatens to become a global danger to humanity. The consumption of non-renewable raw materials is increasing, more and more arable land is leaving the economy, so cities and factories are built on it. Man has to interfere more and more in the economy of the biosphere - that part of our planet in which life exists. The Earth's biosphere is currently subject to increasing anthropogenic impact. At the same time, several of the most significant processes can be identified, any of which does not improve the environmental situation on the planet.

The most widespread and significant is chemical pollution of the environment with substances unusual for it. chemical nature. Among them are gaseous and aerosol pollutants of industrial and household origin. The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is also progressing. Further development This process will strengthen the undesirable trend towards an increase in the average annual temperature on the planet. Environmentalists are also concerned about the ongoing pollution of the World Ocean with oil and petroleum products, which has already reached 1/5 of its total surface. Oil pollution of this size can cause significant disruptions in gas and water exchange between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. There is no doubt about the importance of chemical contamination of soil with pesticides and its increased acidity, leading to the collapse of the ecosystem. In general, all the factors considered that can be attributed to the polluting effect have a noticeable impact on the processes occurring in the biosphere.

The main source of pyrogenic pollution on the planet is thermal power plants, metallurgical and chemical enterprises, boiler plants, consuming more than 70% of the annually produced solid and liquid fuel. The main harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin are the following:

Carbon monoxide. It is produced by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous substances. It enters the air as a result of the combustion of solid waste, with exhaust gases and emissions industrial enterprises. Every year, at least 1250 million tons of this gas enter the atmosphere. Carbon monoxide is a compound that actively reacts with components atmosphere and contributes to an increase in temperature on the planet and the creation of a greenhouse effect.

Sulfur dioxide. Released during the combustion of sulfur-containing fuel or processing of sulfur ores (up to 170 million tons per year). Some sulfur compounds are released during the combustion of organic residues in mining dumps. In the USA alone, the total amount of sulfur dioxide released into the atmosphere amounted to 65% of global emissions.

Sulfuric anhydride. Formed by the oxidation of sulfur dioxide. The final product of the reaction is an aerosol or solution of sulfuric acid in rainwater, which acidifies the soil and aggravates diseases of the human respiratory tract. Fallout of sulfuric acid aerosol from smoke flares chemical plants are observed under low clouds and high air humidity. Leaf blades plants growing at a distance of less than 11 km from such enterprises are usually densely dotted with small necrotic spots formed in places where drops of sulfuric acid settle. Pyrometallurgical enterprises of non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, as well as thermal power plants, annually emit tens of millions of tons of sulfuric anhydride into the atmosphere.

Hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide. They enter the atmosphere separately or together with other sulfur compounds. The main sources of emissions are manufacturing plants artificial fiber, sugar, coke, oil refining, and oil fields. In the atmosphere, when interacting with other pollutants, they undergo slow oxidation to sulfuric anhydride.

Nitrogen oxides. The main sources of emissions are enterprises producing nitrogen fertilizers, nitric acid and nitrates, aniline dyes, nitro compounds, viscose silk, celluloid. The amount of nitrogen oxides entering the atmosphere is 20 million tons per year.

Fluorine compounds. Sources of pollution are enterprises producing aluminum, enamels, glass, ceramics, steel, and phosphate fertilizers. Fluorine-containing substances enter the atmosphere in the form of gaseous compounds - hydrogen fluoride or sodium and calcium fluoride dust. The compounds are characterized by a toxic effect. Fluorine derivatives are strong insecticides.

Chlorine compounds. They come into the atmosphere from chemical plants producing hydrochloric acid, chlorine-containing pesticides, organic dyes, hydrolytic alcohol, bleach, and soda. Chlorine molecules and vapors are found in the atmosphere as an admixture. of hydrochloric acid. The toxicity of chlorine is determined by the type of compounds and their concentration. In the metallurgical industry, when smelting cast iron and processing it into steel, various heavy metals and toxic gases are released into the atmosphere. Thus, per 1 ton of pig iron, in addition to 12.7 kg of sulfur dioxide and 14.5 kg of dust particles are released, which determine the amount of compounds of arsenic, phosphorus, antimony, lead, mercury vapor and rare metals, resinous substances and hydrogen cyanide.

Aerosol air pollution. Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. In some cases, solid components of aerosols are especially dangerous for organisms and cause specific diseases in people. In the atmosphere, aerosol pollution is perceived as smoke, fog, haze or haze. A significant portion of aerosols are formed in the atmosphere through the interaction of solid and liquid particles with each other or with water vapor. The average size of aerosol particles is 1-5 microns. About 1 cubic meter enters the Earth's atmosphere annually. km of dust particles of artificial origin. A large number of dust particles are also formed during human production activities. Information about some sources of technogenic dust is given in Table 1.

Table 1 – Sources of man-made dust

The main sources of artificial aerosol air pollution are thermal power plants that consume high-ash coal, washing plants, metallurgical, cement, magnesite and soot factories. Aerosol particles from these sources have a wide variety of chemical compositions. Most often, compounds of silicon, calcium and carbon are found in their composition, less often - metal oxides: iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, antimony, bismuth, selenium, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, as well as asbestos. An even greater variety is characteristic of organic dust, including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and acid salts. It is formed during the combustion of residual petroleum products, during the pyrolysis process at oil refineries, petrochemical and other similar enterprises. Constant sources of aerosol pollution are industrial dumps - artificial embankments made of redeposited material, mainly overburden rocks formed during mining or from industrial waste. processing industry, TPP. Massive blasting operations serve as a source of dust and toxic gases. Thus, as a result of one average-mass explosion (250-300 tons of explosives), about 2 thousand cubic meters are released into the atmosphere. m of conventional carbon monoxide and more than 150 tons of dust. The production of cement and other building materials is also a source of dust pollution. The main technological processes of these industries are grinding and chemical processing of charges, semi-finished products and resulting products in streams of hot gases, which is always accompanied by emissions of dust and other harmful substances into the atmosphere. Atmospheric pollutants include hydrocarbons - saturated and unsaturated, containing from 1 to 13 carbon atoms. They undergo various transformations, oxidation, polymerization, interacting with other atmospheric pollutants after excitation by solar radiation. As a result of these reactions, peroxide compounds, free radicals, and hydrocarbon compounds with nitrogen and sulfur oxides are formed, often in the form of aerosol particles. Under certain weather conditions, particularly large accumulations of harmful gaseous and aerosol impurities may form in the ground layer of air.

This usually occurs in cases where there is an inversion in the air layer directly above the sources of gas and dust emission - the location of a layer of colder air under warmer air, which prevents air masses and delays the upward transfer of impurities. As a result, harmful emissions are concentrated under the inversion layer, their content near the ground increases sharply, which becomes one of the reasons for the formation of photochemical fog, previously unknown in nature.

Photochemical fog is a multicomponent mixture of gases and aerosol particles of primary and secondary origin. The main components of smog include ozone, nitrogen and sulfur oxides, and numerous organic compounds of peroxide nature, collectively called photooxidants. Photochemical smog occurs as a result of photochemical reactions under certain conditions: the presence in the atmosphere of a high concentration of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and other pollutants, intense solar radiation and calmness, or very weak air exchange in the surface layer with a powerful and increased inversion for at least a day. Stable calm weather, usually accompanied by inversions, is necessary to create high concentrations of reactants.

Such conditions are created more often in June-September and less often in winter. In prolonged clear weather solar radiation causes the breakdown of nitrogen dioxide molecules to form nitrogen oxide and atomic oxygen. Atomic oxygen and molecular oxygen give ozone. It would seem that the latter, oxidizing nitric oxide, should again turn into molecular oxygen, and nitric oxide into dioxide. But this doesn't happen. Nitrogen oxide reacts with olefins in exhaust gases, which split at the double bond and form fragments of molecules and excess ozone. As a result of ongoing dissociation, new masses of nitrogen dioxide are broken down and produce additional amounts of ozone. A cyclic reaction occurs, as a result of which ozone gradually accumulates in the atmosphere. This process stops at night. In turn, ozone reacts with olefins. Various peroxides are concentrated in the atmosphere, which together form the oxidants characteristic of photochemical fog. The latter are a source of so-called free radicals, which are particularly reactive. Such smogs are a common occurrence over London, Paris, Los Angeles, New York and other cities in Europe and America. Due to their physiological effects on the human body, they are extremely dangerous for the respiratory and circulatory systems and often cause premature death in urban residents with poor health.

From the standpoint of occupational medicine, ferrous metallurgy is characterized by the presence of numerous sources of occupational hazards: dust, gaseous toxic substances (iron trioxide, benzene, hydrogen chloride, manganese, lead, mercury, phenol, formaldehyde, chromium trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, etc.), radiant and convection heat, noise, vibration, electromagnetic and magnetic fields, high severity and labor intensity.

Every body of water or water source is connected with its surroundings. external environment. It is influenced by the conditions for the formation of surface or underground water flow, various natural phenomena, industry, industrial and municipal construction, transport, economic and domestic human activities. The consequence of these influences is the introduction into aquatic environment new, unusual substances - pollutants that worsen water quality. Pollutants entering the aquatic environment are classified differently, depending on approaches, criteria and objectives. Thus, chemical, physical and biological contaminants are usually isolated. Chemical pollution is a change in the natural chemical properties of water due to an increase in the content of harmful impurities in it, both inorganic (mineral salts, acids, alkalis, clay particles) and organic (oil and oil products, organic residues, surfactants, pesticides).

2. ELEMENT IONS REQUIRED IN WATER AND FOOD

When assessing water quality, it is first necessary to pay attention to the concentrations of biologically active (essential) elements that are involved in all physiological processes. Negative influence of low concentrations of essential elements in drinking water. An increased content of any element in the diet causes various negative consequences. However, low contents of a number of elements also pose a danger to the human body.

Among the most common diseases associated with low levels of microelements in drinking water are endemic goiter (low iodine content), caries (low fluoride content), iron deficiency anemia(low iron and copper content). Among the most common diseases associated with low levels of microelements in drinking water are endemic goiter (low iodine content), caries (low fluoride content), and iron deficiency anemia (low iron and copper content). As an example, we can cite the results of the work of the Soviet-Finnish expedition, which discovered that due to the low content of selenium in water and soil, the population of a number of districts of the Chita region is threatened by selenium deficiency cardiopathy - Keshan disease. Among the macrocomponent composition of water, the low content of calcium and magnesium in drinking water has a particularly negative effect on the human body. For example, the results of sanitary and epidemiological surveys of the population conducted under WHO programs show that low levels of Ca and Mg in drinking water lead to an increase in the number of cardiovascular diseases. As a result of research in England, six cities with the hardest and six with the softest drinking water were selected. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases in cities with hard water was lower than normal, while in cities with soft water it was higher. Moreover, the population living in cities with hard water has better cardiovascular parameters: lower overall blood pressure, lower resting heart rate, and lower cholesterol levels in the blood. Smoking, socioeconomic, and other factors did not influence these correlations. In Finland, the higher mortality from cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure and blood cholesterol in the eastern part of the country compared to the western part of the country also appears to be associated with the use of soft water, as other parameters (diet, exercise stress etc.) the populations of these groups are practically the same.

60 - 80% of a person's daily requirement of Ca and Mg is satisfied through food. But the importance of Ca and Mg in the daily diet can be assessed if we take into account that the WHO requirements for the content of these cations in water for Ca are 80 - 100 mg/l (about 120-150 mg per day), and for Mg - up to 150 mg/l l (about 200 mg per day) with a total daily requirement, for example, Ca, equal to 500 mg. It has been shown that Ca and Mg from water are completely absorbed in the intestine, but from products in which it is associated with protein - only 1/3.

The Ca level in the cell is a universal factor in the regulation of all cellular functions, regardless of cell type. The lack of Ca in water affects the increase in absorption and toxic effects of heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Pb, Al, etc.). Heavy metals compete with Ca in the cell, as they use its metabolic pathways to enter the body and replace Ca ions in the most important regulatory proteins, thus disrupting their normal functioning.

To date, it can be confidently stated that soft drinking water, characteristic of the northern regions of the planet, with a low content of divalent cations (Ca and Mg) vital for the body, is a significant environmental risk factor for cardiovascular pathology and other widespread Ca-Mg- dependent regional diseases.

Thus, when developing requirements for the quality of water used for drinking purposes, it is necessary to standardize the lower limit for the content of a number of components.

In a more detailed analysis of the influence of biologically active elements contained in water on human health, it is also necessary to take into account the form of their presence in solution. Thus, fluorine in ionic form, being toxic to humans at concentrations of more than 1.5 mg/l, ceases to be toxic when in solution in the form of a complex compound BF4-. It has been established experimentally that the introduction of a significant amount of fluorine into the human body in the form of the specified complex compound eliminates the danger of human fluorosis, since, being stable in acidic environments, this compound is not absorbed by the body. Therefore, when talking about the optimal concentrations of fluoride, one should take into account the possibility of its presence in water in the form of complex compounds, since it is the F- ion that has a positive effect on humans in certain concentrations.

As is known, the analytical (determined in the laboratory) chemical composition of natural waters does not correspond to the real composition. Most of the components dissolved in water, participating in the reactions of complexation, hydrolysis and acid-base dissociation, are combined into various stable ionic associations - complex ions, ion pairs, etc. Modern hydrogeochemistry calls them migratory forms. Chemical analysis gives only the gross (or gross) concentration of a component, for example, copper, while in reality copper can be almost entirely in the form of carbonate, chloride, sulfate, fulvic or hydroxo complexes, which depends on the general composition of the water (biologically active and, accordingly, uncomplexed Cu2+ ions are known to be toxic in high concentrations.

Introduction.

Consequences of an oil pipeline accident. 1996

At all stages of his development, man was closely connected with the world around him. But since the emergence of a highly industrialized society, dangerous human intervention in nature has sharply increased, the scope of this intervention has expanded, it has become more diverse and now threatens to become a global danger to humanity. The consumption of non-renewable raw materials is increasing, more and more arable land is leaving the economy, and cities and factories are being built on it. Man has to interfere more and more in the economy of the biosphere - that part of our planet in which life exists. The Earth's biosphere is currently subject to increasing anthropogenic impact. At the same time, several of the most significant processes can be identified, any of which does not improve the ecological situation on the planet.

The most widespread and significant is chemical pollution of the environment with substances of a chemical nature that are unusual for it. Among them are gaseous and aerosol pollutants of industrial and domestic origin. The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is progressing. The further development of this process will strengthen the undesirable trend towards an increase in the average annual temperature on the planet. Environmentalists are also concerned about the ongoing pollution of the World Ocean with oil and petroleum products, which has already reached 1/5 of its total surface. Oil pollution of this size can cause significant disruptions in gas and water exchange between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. There is no doubt about the importance of chemical contamination of the soil with pesticides and its increased acidity, leading to the collapse of the ecosystem. In general, all the factors considered that can be attributed to a polluting effect have a noticeable impact on the processes occurring in the biosphere.

Chemical pollution of the biosphere.

Man has been polluting the atmosphere for thousands of years, but the consequences of the use of fire, which he used throughout this period, were insignificant. I had to come to terms with the fact that the smoke interfered with breathing, and that soot lay a black cover on the ceiling and walls of the home. The resulting heat was more important to humans than clean air and unfinished cave walls. This initial air pollution was not a problem, since people then lived in small groups, occupying an enormously vast, untouched natural environment. And even a significant concentration of people in a relatively small area, as was the case in classical antiquity, was not yet accompanied by serious consequences.

This was the case until the beginning of the nineteenth century. Only over the last hundred years, the development of industry has “gifted” us with such production processes, the consequences of which at first people could not yet imagine. Millionaire cities have emerged, the growth of which cannot be stopped. All this is the result of the great inventions and conquests of man.

There are basically three main sources of air pollution: industry, domestic boiler houses, and transport. The contribution of each of these sources to total air pollution varies greatly depending on location. It is now generally accepted that industrial production pollutes the air the most. Sources of pollution are thermal power plants, which, along with smoke, emit sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide into the air; metallurgical enterprises, especially non-ferrous metallurgy, which emit nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, fluorine, ammonia, phosphorus compounds, particles and compounds of mercury and arsenic into the air; chemical and cement plants. Harmful gases enter the air as a result of burning fuel for industrial needs, heating homes, operating transport, burning and processing household and industrial waste. Atmospheric pollutants are divided into primary, which enter directly into the atmosphere, and secondary, which are the result of the transformation of the latter. Thus, sulfur dioxide entering the atmosphere is oxidized to sulfuric anhydride, which interacts with water vapor and forms droplets of sulfuric acid. When sulfuric anhydride reacts with ammonia, ammonium sulfate crystals are formed. Similarly, as a result of chemical, photochemical, physicochemical reactions between pollutants and atmospheric components, other secondary characteristics are formed. The main sources of pyrogenic pollution on the planet are thermal power plants, metallurgical and chemical enterprises, boiler plants, which consume more than 70% of the annually produced solid and liquid fuel .The main harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin are the following:

Carbon oxide. It is produced by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous substances. It enters the air as a result of the combustion of solid waste, with exhaust gases and emissions from industrial enterprises. Every year, at least 1250 million tons of this gas enter the atmosphere. Carbon monoxide is a compound that actively reacts with the constituent parts of the atmosphere and contributes to an increase in temperature on the planet, creating a greenhouse effect.

Sulfur dioxide. It is released during the combustion of sulfur-containing fuel or the processing of sulfur ores (up to 170 million tons per year). Some sulfur compounds are released during the combustion of organic residues in mining dumps. In the United States alone, the total amount of sulfur dioxide released into the atmosphere amounted to 65% of global emissions.

Sulfuric anhydride. Formed by the oxidation of sulfur dioxide. The final product of the reaction is an aerosol or solution of sulfuric acid in rainwater, which acidifies the soil and aggravates diseases of the human respiratory tract. The fallout of sulfuric acid aerosol from smoke flares of chemical plants is observed during low clouds and high air humidity. The leaf blades of plants growing at a distance of less than 11 km from such enterprises are usually densely dotted with small necrotic spots formed in places where droplets of sulfuric acid settled. Pyrometallurgical enterprises of non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, as well as thermal power plants, annually emit tens of millions of tons of sulfuric anhydride into the atmosphere.

Hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide. They enter the atmosphere separately or together with other sulfur compounds. The main sources of emissions are enterprises producing artificial fiber, sugar, coke plants, oil refining plants, and oil fields. In the atmosphere, when interacting with other pollutants, they undergo slow oxidation to sulfuric anhydride.

Nitrogen oxides. The main sources of emissions are enterprises producing nitrogen fertilizers, nitric acid and nitrates, aniline dyes, nitro compounds, viscose silk, celluloid. The amount of nitrogen oxides entering the atmosphere is 20 million tons per year.

Fluorine compounds. Sources of pollution are enterprises producing aluminum, enamels, glass, ceramics, steel, and phosphate fertilizers. Fluorine-containing substances enter the atmosphere in the form of gaseous compounds - hydrogen fluoride or sodium and calcium fluoride dust. The compounds are characterized by a toxic effect. Fluorine derivatives are strong insecticides.

Chlorine compounds. They enter the atmosphere from chemical plants producing hydrochloric acid, chlorine-containing pesticides, organic dyes, hydrolytic alcohol, bleach, and soda. Chlorine molecules and hydrochloric acid vapors are found in the atmosphere as impurities. The toxicity of chlorine is determined by the type of compounds and their concentration. In the metallurgical industry, when smelting cast iron and processing it into steel, various heavy metals and toxic gases are released into the atmosphere. Thus, per 1 ton of pig iron, 12.7 kg of sulfur dioxide and 14.5 kg of dust particles are released, which determine the amount of compounds of arsenic, phosphorus, antimony, lead, mercury vapor and rare metals, resinous substances and hydrogen cyanide.

Aerosol pollution of the atmosphere. Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. In some cases, solid components of aerosols are especially dangerous for organisms and cause specific diseases in people. In the atmosphere, aerosol pollution is perceived in the form of smoke, fog, haze or haze. A significant portion of aerosols are formed in the atmosphere through the interaction of solid and liquid particles with each other or with water vapor. The average size of aerosol particles is 1-5 microns. About 1 cubic meter enters the Earth's atmosphere annually. km of dust particles of artificial origin. A large number of dust particles are also formed during human production activities. Information about some sources of technogenic dust is given in Table 1:

PRODUCTION PROCESS DUST EMISSION, MILLION. T/YEAR Coal combustion. 93,600 Iron smelting. 20.210 Copper smelting (without purification). 6.230 Zinc smelting. 0.180 Tin smelting (without purification). 0.004 Lead smelting. 0.130 Cement production. 53,370

The main sources of artificial aerosol air pollution are thermal power plants that consume high-ash coal, washing plants, metallurgical, cement, magnesite and soot factories. Aerosol particles from these sources have a wide variety of chemical compositions. Most often, compounds of silicon, calcium and carbon are found in their composition, less often - metal oxides: iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, antimony, bismuth, selenium, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, and also asbestos. An even greater variety is characteristic of organic dust, including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and acid salts. It is formed during the combustion of residual oil products, during the pyrolysis process at oil refineries, petrochemical and other similar enterprises. Constant sources of aerosol pollution are industrial dumps - artificial embankments made of redeposited material, mainly overburden rocks formed during the extraction of minerals or from waste from processing industry enterprises, thermal power plants. The source of dust and toxic gases is massive blasting. Thus, as a result of one average-mass explosion (250-300 tons of explosives), about 2 thousand cubic meters are released into the atmosphere. m of conventional carbon monoxide and more than 150 tons of dust. The production of cement and other building materials is also a source of dust pollution. The main technological processes of these industries - grinding and chemical processing of charges, semi-finished products and resulting products in streams of hot gases - are always accompanied by emissions of dust and other harmful substances into the atmosphere. Atmospheric pollutants include hydrocarbons - saturated and unsaturated, containing from 1 to 13 carbon atoms. They undergo various transformations, oxidation, polymerization, interacting with other atmospheric pollutants after excitation by solar radiation. As a result of these reactions, peroxide compounds, free radicals, and hydrocarbon compounds with nitrogen and sulfur oxides are formed, often in the form of aerosol particles. Under certain weather conditions, particularly large accumulations of harmful gaseous and aerosol impurities may form in the ground layer of air.

This usually occurs in cases where there is an inversion in the layer of air directly above the sources of gas and dust emission - the location of a layer of colder air under warmer air, which prevents air masses and delays the upward transfer of impurities. As a result, harmful emissions are concentrated in the inversion sublayer, their content near the ground increases sharply, which becomes one of the reasons for the formation of photochemical fog, previously unknown in nature.

Photochemical fog (smog). Photochemical fog is a multicomponent mixture of gases and aerosol particles of primary and secondary origin. The main components of smog include ozone, nitrogen and sulfur oxides, and numerous organic compounds of peroxide nature, collectively called photooxidants. Photochemical smog arises as a result of photochemical reactions under certain conditions: the presence in the atmosphere of high concentrations of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and other pollutants, intense solar radiation and calmness, or very weak air exchange in the surface layer of a powerful and increased inversion for at least a day. Stable, calm weather, usually accompanied by inversions, is necessary to create high concentrations of reactants.

Such conditions are created more often in June-September and less often in winter. During prolonged clear weather, solar radiation causes the breakdown of nitrogen dioxide molecules to form nitric oxide and atomic oxygen. Atomic oxygen and molecular oxygen give ozone. It would seem that the latter, oxidizing nitric oxide, should again turn into molecular oxygen, and nitric oxide into dioxide. But this does not happen. Nitrogen oxide reacts with olefins in exhaust gases, which split at the double bond and form fragments of molecules and excess ozone. As a result of ongoing dissociation, new masses of nitrogen dioxide are broken down and produce additional amounts of ozone. A cyclic reaction occurs, as a result of which ozone gradually accumulates in the atmosphere. This process stops at night. In turn, ozone reacts with olefins. Various peroxides are concentrated in the atmosphere, which together form the oxidants characteristic of photochemical fog. The latter are a source of so-called free radicals, which are particularly reactive. Such smogs are a common occurrence over London, Paris, Los Angeles, New York and other cities in Europe and America. Due to their physiological effects on the human body, they are extremely dangerous for the respiratory and circulatory systems and often cause premature death among city residents with poor health.

The problem of controlling the release of pollutants into the atmosphere by industrial enterprises (MPC). The priority in the development of maximum permissible concentrations in the air belongs to the USSR. MPC - such concentrations that directly or indirectly affect a person and his offspring, do not worsen their performance, well-being, as well as the sanitary and living conditions of people.

The generalization of all information on maximum permissible concentrations received by all departments is carried out at the Main Geophysical Observatory. In order to determine air values ​​based on the results of observations, the measured concentration values ​​are compared with the maximum one-time maximum permissible concentration and the number of cases when the MPC was exceeded is determined, as well as how many times the highest value was higher than the MPC. The average concentration value for a month or a year is compared with the long-term MPC - the average sustainable MPC. The state of air pollution by several substances observed in the city's atmosphere is assessed using a complex indicator - the air pollution index (API). For this purpose, the MPC values ​​and average concentrations normalized to the corresponding various substances Using simple calculations, they lead to the concentration of sulfur dioxide and then sum it up. The maximum one-time concentrations of the main pollutants were the highest in Norilsk (nitrogen and sulfur oxides), Frunze (dust), Omsk (carbon monoxide). The degree of air pollution by major pollutants is directly dependent on the industrial development of the city. The highest maximum concentrations are typical for cities with a population of more than 500 thousand inhabitants. Air pollution by specific substances depends on the type of industry developed in the city. If enterprises of several industries are located in a large city, a very high level of air pollution is created, but the problem of reducing emissions of many specific substances still remains unresolved.

Chemical pollution of natural waters.

Every body of water or water source is connected with its surrounding environment. It is influenced by the conditions for the formation of surface or underground water flow, various natural phenomena, industry, industrial and municipal construction, transport, economic and domestic human activities. The consequence of these influences is the introduction of new, unusual substances into the aquatic environment - pollutants that worsen the quality of water. Pollution , entering the aquatic environment, are classified differently, depending on approaches, criteria and objectives. Thus, chemical, physical and biological contaminants are usually released. Chemical pollution is a change in the natural chemical properties of water due to an increase in the content of harmful impurities of both inorganic (mineral salts, acids, alkalis, clay particles) and organic nature (oil and petroleum products, organic residues, surfactants, pesticides).

Inorganic pollution. The main inorganic (mineral) pollutants of fresh and sea waters are a variety of chemical compounds, toxic to the inhabitants of the aquatic environment. These are compounds of arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, fluorine. Most of them end up in water as a result of human activity. Heavy metals are absorbed by phytoplankton and then transferred into the food chain to higher organisms. The toxic effect of some of the most common hydrosphere pollutants is presented in Table 2:

Substance Plankton Crustaceans Shellfish Fish Copper + + + + + + + + + + + + Zinc + + + + + + + Lead - + + + + + Mercury + + + + + + + + + + + + + Cadmium - + + + + + + + Chlorine - + + + + + + + + Rodanide - + + + + + + + Cyanide - + + + + + + + + + Fluorine - - + Sulfide - + + +

Degree of toxicity:

Absent

Very weak

Weak

Strong

Very strong.

In addition to the substances listed in the table, dangerous contaminants of the aquatic environment include inorganic acids and bases, which cause a wide pH range of industrial wastewater (1.0 - 11.0) and are capable of changing the pH of the aquatic environment to values ​​​​of 5.0 or above 8.0, while fish in fresh and sea water can only exist in the pH range 5.0 - 8.5. Among the main sources of hydrosphere pollution with minerals and nutrients, food industry enterprises and agriculture should be mentioned. About 6 million tons of salts are washed out annually from irrigated lands. By 2000, their mass may increase to 12 million tons/year. Waste containing mercury, lead, and copper is localized in certain areas off the coast, but some of it is carried far beyond the territorial waters. Mercury pollution significantly reduces the primary production of marine ecosystems, suppressing the development of phytoplankton. Waste containing mercury usually accumulates in the bottom sediments of bays or estuaries and rivers. Its further migration is accompanied by the accumulation of methyl mercury and its inclusion in the trophic chains of aquatic organisms. Thus, Minamata disease, first discovered by Japanese scientists in people who ate fish caught in Minamata Bay, into which industrial wastewater with technogenic mercury was uncontrolledly dumped, became notorious.

Organic pollution. Among the soluble substances brought into the ocean from land, not only mineral and biogenic elements, but also organic residues are of great importance for the inhabitants of the aquatic environment. The removal of organic matter into the ocean is estimated at 300 - 380 million tons/year. Wastewater containing suspensions of organic origin or dissolved organic matter has a detrimental effect on the condition of water bodies. As they settle, the suspensions flood the bottom and delay the development or completely stop the vital activity of these microorganisms involved in the process of self-purification of water. When these sediments rot, harmful compounds and toxic substances, such as hydrogen sulfide, can be formed, which lead to the contamination of all water in the river. The presence of suspensions also makes it difficult for light to penetrate deep into the water and slows down the processes of photosynthesis. One of the main sanitary requirements requirements for water quality is the content in it required quantity oxygen. All contaminants that in one way or another help reduce the oxygen content in water have a harmful effect. Surfactants - fats, oils, lubricants - form a film on the surface of the water that prevents gas exchange between water and the atmosphere, which reduces the degree of saturation of water with oxygen. A significant volume of organic substances, most of which are unusual for natural waters, is discharged into rivers along with industrial and domestic wastewater. Increasing pollution of water bodies and drains is observed in all industrial countries. Information on the content of certain organic substances in industrial Wastewater ah is provided in Table 3:

POLLUTANTS QUANTITY IN GLOBAL FLOW, MILLION. T/YEAR Petroleum products 26.563 Phenols 0.460 Waste from synthetic fiber production 5.500 Plant residues. 0.170 Total: 33.273

Due to the rapid pace of urbanization and the somewhat slow construction of wastewater treatment facilities or their unsatisfactory operation, water basins and soil are polluted by household waste. Pollution is especially noticeable in slow-moving or non-flowing water bodies (reservoirs, lakes).

When decomposing in an aquatic environment, organic waste can become a breeding ground for pathogenic organisms. Water contaminated with organic waste becomes practically unsuitable for drinking and other needs. Household waste is dangerous not only because it is a source of certain human diseases (typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera), but also because it requires a lot of oxygen for its decomposition. If household wastewater enters a body of water in very large quantities, the content of dissolved oxygen may drop below the level necessary for the life of marine and freshwater organisms.

The problem of pollution of the world's oceans (for example, a number of organic compounds).

Petroleum petroleum products. Oil is a viscous oily liquid, dark brown in color and weakly fluorescent. Oil consists predominantly of saturated aliphatic and hydroaromatic hydrocarbons. The main components of oil - hydrocarbons (up to 98%) - are divided into 4 classes:

Paraffins (alkenes) - (up to 90% of the total composition) - stable substances, the molecules of which are expressed by a straight and branched chain of carbon atoms. Light paraffins have maximum volatility and solubility in water.

Cycloparaffins - (30 - 60% of the total composition) - saturated cyclic compounds with 5-6 carbon atoms in the ring. In addition to cyclopentane and cyclohexane, bicyclic and polycyclic compounds of this group are found in oil. These compounds are very stable and poorly biodegradable.

Aromatic hydrocarbons - (20 - 40% of the total composition) - unsaturated cyclic compounds of the benzene series, containing 6 less carbon atoms in the ring than cycloparaffins. Oil contains volatile compounds with a molecule in the dinar ring (benzene, toluene, xylene), then bicyclic (naphthalene), hemicyclic (pyrene).

Olefins (alkenes) - (up to 10% of the total composition) - unsaturated non-cyclic compounds with one or two hydrogen atoms at each carbon atom in a molecule having a straight or branched chain.

Petroleum products are the most common pollutants in the World Ocean. By the beginning of the 80s, about 6 million tons of oil entered the ocean annually, which accounted for 0.23% of world production. The greatest oil losses are associated with transportation from production areas. Emergency situations, discharge of washing and ballast waters behind tankers - all this causes the presence of permanent fields of pollution along sea routes. In the period 1962-79, as a result of accidents, about 2 million tons of oil entered the marine environment. Over the past 30 years, since 1964, about 2,000 wells have been drilled in the World Ocean, of which 1,000 and 350 industrial wells have been equipped in the North Sea alone. Due to minor leaks, 0.1 million tons of oil are lost annually. Large masses of oil enter the seas through rivers, with domestic and storm drains.

The volume of pollution from this source is 2.0 million tons/year. 0.5 million tons of oil enters annually with industrial waste. Once in the marine environment, oil first spreads in the form of a film, forming layers of varying thickness. The color of the film can determine its thickness (Table 4):

APPEARANCE THICKNESS, µm AMOUNT OF OIL Barely noticeable 0.038 44 Silvery sheen 0.076 88 Traces of coloring. 0.152 176 Brightly colored stains. 0.305 352 Dull colored. 1.016 1170 Dark colored. 2.032 2310

The oil film changes the composition of the spectrum and the intensity of light penetration into water. The light transmission of thin films of crude oil is 1-10% (280 nm), 60-70% (400 nm).

A film with a thickness of 30-40 microns completely absorbs infrared radiation. When mixed with water, oil forms two types of emulsion: direct - “oil in water” - and reverse - “water in oil”. Direct emulsions composed of oil droplets with a diameter of up to 0.5 microns are less stable and are characteristic of oils containing surfactants. When volatile fractions are removed, oil forms viscous inverse emulsions that can remain on the surface, be transported by the current, washed ashore and settle to the bottom.

Pesticides. Pesticides constitute a group of artificially created substances used to combat pests and plant diseases. Pesticides are divided into the following groups: insecticides - to combat harmful insects, fungicides and bactericides - to combat bacterial plant diseases, herbicides - against weeds. It has been established that pesticides, while destroying pests, harm many beneficial organisms and undermine the health of biocenoses. IN agriculture The problem of transition from chemical (polluting) to biological (environmentally friendly) methods of pest control has long been faced. Currently, more than 5 million tons of pesticides are supplied to the world market. About 1.5 million tons of these substances have already entered the terrestrial and marine ecosystems through ash and water. The industrial production of pesticides is accompanied by the emergence of a large number of by-products that pollute wastewater. Representatives of insecticides, fungicides and herbicides are found more often than others in the aquatic environment. Synthesized insecticides are divided into three main groups: organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbonates. Organochlorine insecticides are obtained by chlorination of aromatic and heterocyclic liquid hydrocarbons. These include DDT and its derivatives, in the molecules of which the stability of aliphatic and aromatic groups in the joint presence increases, and all kinds of chlorinated derivatives of chlorodiene (Eldrin). These substances have a half-life of up to several decades and are very resistant to biodegradation. In the aquatic environment, polychlorinated biphenyls are often found - derivatives of DDT without an aliphatic part, numbering 210 homologues and isomers. Over the past 40 years, more than 1.2 million tons of polychlorinated biphenyls have been used in the production of plastics, dyes, transformers, and capacitors. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) enter the environment as a result of industrial wastewater discharges and solid waste combustion in landfills. The latter source supplies PBCs into the atmosphere, from where they fall as atmospheric precipitation to all areas Globe. Thus, in snow samples taken in Antarctica, the PBC content was 0.03 - 1.2 kg/l.

Synthetic surfactants. Detergents (surfactants) belong to a large group of substances that reduce the surface tension of water. They are part of synthetic detergents (SDCs), widely used in everyday life and industry. Together with wastewater, surfactants enter continental waters and the marine environment. SMS contain sodium polyphosphates in which detergents are dissolved, as well as a number of additional ingredients that are toxic to aquatic organisms: flavoring agents, bleaching agents (persulfates, perborates), soda ash, carboxymethylcellulose, sodium silicates. Depending on the nature and structure of the hydrophilic part, surfactant molecules are divided into anionic, cationic, amphoteric and nonionic. The latter do not form ions in water. The most common surfactants are anionic substances. They account for more than 50% of all surfactants produced in the world. The presence of surfactants in industrial wastewater is associated with their use in processes such as flotation beneficiation of ores, separation of chemical technology products, production of polymers, improving conditions for drilling oil and gas wells, and combating equipment corrosion. In agriculture, surfactants are used as part of pesticides.

Compounds with carcinogenic properties. Carcinogenic substances are chemically homogeneous compounds that exhibit transforming activity and the ability to cause carcinogenic, teratogenic (disruption of embryonic development processes) or mutagenic changes in organisms. Depending on the conditions of exposure, they can lead to growth inhibition, accelerated aging, disruption of individual development and changes in the gene pool of organisms. Substances with carcinogenic properties include chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, vinyl chloride, and especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Maximum amount PAHs in modern sediments of the World Ocean (more than 100 μg/km of dry matter mass) were found in tentonically active zones subject to deep thermal effects. The main anthropogenic sources of PAHs in the environment are pyrolytic organic substances during combustion various materials, wood and fuel.

Heavy metals. Heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, arsenic) are common and highly toxic pollutants. They are widely used in various industrial processes, therefore, despite treatment measures, the content of heavy metal compounds in industrial wastewater is quite high. Large masses of these compounds enter the ocean through the atmosphere. For marine biocenoses, the most dangerous are mercury, lead and cadmium. Mercury is transferred to the ocean with continental runoff and through the atmosphere. The weathering of sedimentary and igneous rocks releases 3.5 thousand tons of mercury annually. Atmospheric dust contains about 12 thousand tons of mercury, a significant part of which is of anthropogenic origin. About half of the annual industrial production of this metal (910 thousand tons/year) ends up in the ocean in various ways. In areas polluted industrial waters, the concentration of mercury in solution and suspensions increases greatly. At the same time, some bacteria convert chlorides into highly toxic methylmercury. Contamination of seafood has repeatedly resulted in severe poisoning of coastal populations. By 1977, there were 2,800 victims of Minomata disease, which was caused by waste from vinyl chloride and acetaldehyde plants that used mercuric chloride as a catalyst. Insufficiently treated wastewater from enterprises flowed into Minamata Bay. Pigs are a typical dispersed element contained in all components of the environment: in rocks, soils, natural waters, atmosphere, living organisms. Finally, pigs are actively dispersed into the environment as a result of human economic activity. These are emissions from industrial and domestic wastewater, smoke and dust from industrial enterprises, and engine exhaust gases. internal combustion. The migration flow of lead from the continent into the ocean occurs not only with river runoff, but also through the atmosphere. The ocean receives (20-30) tons of lead per year from continental dust.

Discharge of waste into the sea for the purpose of disposal (dumping). Many countries with access to the sea carry out marine burial of various materials and substances, in particular soil removed during dredging, drilling slag, industrial waste, construction waste, solid waste, explosives and chemical substances, radioactive waste. The volume of burials amounted to about 10% of the total mass of pollutants entering the World Ocean. The basis for dumping at sea is the ability of the marine environment to process large quantities of organic and inorganic substances without much damage to the water. However, this ability is not unlimited.

Therefore, dumping is considered as a forced measure, a temporary tribute from society to the imperfection of technology. Industrial slag contains a variety of organic substances and heavy metal compounds. Household waste on average contains (by dry matter weight) 32-40% organic matter; 0.56% nitrogen; 0.44% phosphorus; 0.155% zinc; 0.085% lead; 0.001% mercury; 0.001% cadmium. During the discharge, when the material passes through a column of water, part of the pollutants goes into solution, changing the quality of the water, while the other is sorbed by suspended particles and goes into bottom sediments. At the same time, the turbidity of the water increases. The presence of organic substances often leads to rapid consumption of oxygen in water and often to its complete disappearance, dissolution of suspended matter, accumulation of metals in dissolved form, and the appearance of hydrogen sulfide.

The presence of a large amount of organic substances creates a stable reducing environment in the soil, in which a special type of silt water appears, containing hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and metal ions. Benthos organisms and others are exposed to varying degrees to the effects of discharged materials. In the case of the formation of surface films containing petroleum hydrocarbons and surfactants, gas exchange at the air-water interface is disrupted. Pollutants entering the solution can accumulate in the tissues and organs of hydrobionts and have a toxic effect on them. The discharge of dumping materials to the bottom and prolonged increased turbidity of the added water leads to the death of sedentary benthos from suffocation. In surviving fish, mollusks and crustaceans, the growth rate is reduced due to deteriorating feeding and breathing conditions. The species composition of a given community often changes. When organizing a control system for waste discharges into the sea crucial has a definition of dumping areas, determination of the dynamics of pollution of sea water and bottom sediments. To identify possible volumes of discharge into the sea, it is necessary to carry out calculations of all pollutants included in the material discharge.

Thermal pollution. Thermal pollution of the surface of reservoirs and coastal marine areas occurs as a result of the discharge of heated wastewater by power plants and some industrial production. The discharge of heated water in many cases causes an increase in water temperature in reservoirs by 6-8 degrees Celsius. The area of ​​heated water spots in coastal areas can reach 30 square meters. km. More stable temperature stratification prevents water exchange between the surface and bottom layers. The solubility of oxygen decreases, and its consumption increases, since with increasing temperature the activity of aerobic bacteria decomposing organic matter increases. The species diversity of phytoplankton and the entire algal flora is increasing.

Based on the generalization of the material, we can conclude that the effects of anthropogenic impact on the aquatic environment manifest themselves at the individual and population-biocenotic levels, and the long-term effect of pollutants leads to a simplification of the ecosystem.

Soil pollution.

The Earth's soil cover is the most important component of the Earth's biosphere. It is the soil shell that determines many processes occurring in the biosphere.

The most important importance of soils is the accumulation of organic matter, various chemical elements, and energy. The soil cover functions as a biological absorber, destroyer and neutralizer of various pollutants. If this link of the biosphere is destroyed, then the existing functioning of the biosphere will be irreversibly disrupted. That is why it is extremely important to study the global biochemical significance of the soil cover, its current state and changes under the influence of anthropogenic activities. One of the anthropogenic impacts is pesticide pollution.

Pesticides as a pollutant. The discovery of pesticides - chemical means of protecting plants and animals from various pests and diseases - is one of the most important achievements of modern science. Today, 300 kg of chemicals are applied per 1 hectare in the world. However, as a result of long-term use of pesticides in agriculture and medicine (control of disease vectors), there is an almost universal decrease in effectiveness due to the development of resistant races of pests and the spread of “new” pests, the natural enemies and competitors of which were destroyed by pesticides. At the same time, the effects of pesticides began to manifest themselves on a global scale. Of the huge number of insects, only 0.3% or 5 thousand are harmful. species. Pesticide resistance was found in 250 species. This is aggravated by the phenomenon of cross-resistance, which consists in the fact that increased resistance to the action of one drug is accompanied by resistance to compounds of other classes. From a general biological point of view, resistance can be considered as a change in populations as a result of the transition of a sensitive strain to a resistant strain of the same species due to selection caused by pesticides. This phenomenon is associated with genetic, physiological and biochemical changes in organisms. Excessive use of pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, defoliants) negatively affects soil quality. In this regard, the fate of pesticides in soils and the possibility of neutralizing them by chemical and biological methods are being intensively studied. It is very important to create and use only drugs with a short lifespan, measured in weeks or months. In this matter, some success has already been achieved and drugs with a high rate of destruction are being introduced, but the problem as a whole has not yet been solved.

Acid atmospheric attacks on land. One of the most acute global problems modernity and the foreseeable future is the problem of increasing acidity of precipitation and soil cover. Areas of acidic soils do not experience droughts, but their natural fertility is low and unstable; They are quickly depleted and their yields are low. Acid rain not only causes acidification of surface water in the upper soil horizons. Downdraft acidity spreads throughout the entire soil profile and causes significant acidification groundwater. Acid rain occurs as a result of human economic activity, accompanied by the emission of colossal amounts of oxylovsulfur, nitrogen, and carbon. These oxides, entering the atmosphere, are transported over long distances, interact with water and turn into solutions of a mixture of sulfur, sulfur, nitrogen, nitrogen and carbonic acid, which fall in the form of “acid rain” on land, interacting with plants, soils, and waters. The main sources in the atmosphere are the combustion of shale, oil, coal, and gas in industry, agriculture, and everyday life. Human economic activity has almost doubled the release of oxylovsulfur, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. Naturally, this affected the increase in acidity of atmospheric precipitation, ground and groundwater. To solve this problem, it is necessary to increase the volume of systematic representative measurements of compounds of air pollutants over large areas.

Conclusion.

Nature conservation is the task of our century, a problem that has become social. Time and again we hear about the dangers threatening the environment, but many still consider them an unpleasant, but inevitable product of civilization and believe that we will still have time to cope with all the difficulties that have arisen.

However, human impact on the environment has reached alarming proportions. To fundamentally improve the situation, targeted and thoughtful action will be needed. Responsible and effective policies towards the environment will be possible only if we accumulate reliable data on the current state of the environment, reasonable knowledge about the interaction of important environmental factors, if we develop new methods for reducing and preventing harm caused to Nature by Man.

1. Using a map, confirm the differences in the location of production of individual types of fertilizers (Fig. 45). What other cards do you need for analysis?

To answer this question, supplement the table (Fig. 44, p. 71) with specific examples. To answer, you will also need maps of mineral resources, gas industry and iron and steel industry.

2. Name the main fertilizer production areas in the country (Fig. 45).

The main centers for the production of mineral fertilizers are listed in Table 16. They are mainly concentrated in

Central, Central Black Earth, North-Western, Ural and Volga regions. As noted above, this is due either to the proximity of raw materials or the presence of a consumer.

3. Study the chemical products around you. Which of them were produced by basic chemistry enterprises, and which by polymer chemistry?

Basic chemistry produces mineral fertilizers, soda, sulfuric acid, chlorine and chlorine products, various acids and alkalis, liquefied gases, chemical reagents and potash (potassium carbonate, colorless crystals of which are used in the production of liquid soap, refractory and crystal glass). Surely you have a pack of soda in your kitchen, which is most likely produced in the city of Sterlitamak (Bashkiria).

Until recently, chlorine solutions were used to bleach fabrics and disinfect. Chlorine is one of the most important products of the chemical industry. Every year, the world produces tens of millions of tons of chlorine for the production of disinfectants and bleaches, hydrochloric acid, chlorides of many metals and non-metals, plastics, chlorinated solvents, for opening ores, separating and purifying metals, for water disinfection and for many other purposes. However, chlorine is a poisonous asphyxiating gas; if it enters the lungs, it causes burns to the lung tissue and suffocation.

This is primarily pharmaceuticals - a branch of the chemical industry that produces medicines. Hygiene products are products of polymer chemistry and the chlorine industry.

7. B last years They pay a lot of attention to the ecology of their home. In your opinion, do chemical industry products affect it?

They understand the introduction of foreign substances into it that are not typical under normal conditions, as well as excess of the normal concentration of a particular chemical agent. Currently, environmental pollution is a global problem that all developed countries have been trying to solve for many years and even decades. Unfortunately, the constant increase in the pace of technological progress, the processing of minerals, the continued popularity of ferrous metallurgy, the expansion of cities and others anthropogenic factors only aggravate the negative impact of human civilization on wildlife.

Definition

Types of pollution are often divided into several groups according to the type of impact: physical, biogenic, informational and many others. But one of the most dangerous and destructive species is considered to be chemical pollution of the environment. This definition refers to any appearance of chemicals in areas not intended for them. It is now obvious that the results of man's direct influence on his environment throughout his history are negative. And at the top of this list should be chemical pollution of nature.

Sources of environmental pollution

The consequences of anthropogenic influence affect not only the state natural environment, but also on ourselves. They often enter the body and accumulate in it, causing serious poisoning, exacerbating and aggravating existing chronic diseases. It has also been proven that long-term chemical exposure (even in low concentrations) has a dangerous mutagenic and carcinogenic effect on living beings.

They can have an intense toxic effect; a particular danger is that they are practically not eliminated from the body. Such substances can accumulate in which animals then feed. Well, at the top of this chain there may well be a person. The latter, thus, risks being exposed to the maximum negative consequences of the influence of toxins on the body.

Another dangerous substance that causes environmental pollution is dioxins, which are formed in large quantities during the production of products from the pulp and metallurgical industries. This should also include machines operating on internal combustion engines. Dioxins are dangerous for both people and animals. Even in small quantities they can cause damage immune system, kidneys and liver.

Currently, new synthetic compounds and substances continue to appear. And it is almost impossible to predict the destructive consequences of their influence on nature. It is also impossible not to mention human agricultural activity: in many countries it reaches such enormous volumes that it provokes environmental pollution faster than all heavy industry enterprises combined.

How to protect the environment from negative influence?

The main measures to combat these processes include the following: strict control over the generation of waste and its subsequent disposal, improvement of technologies until they are closer to a waste-free model, increasing the overall efficiency of production and its reliability. Preventive measures play a huge role here, since in this case It is much easier to prevent a problem from occurring than to deal with its consequences.

Conclusion

Obviously, the time is still far away when our impact on nature will at least cease to constantly worsen, not to mention a significant reduction in the harm caused. This problem must be solved at the highest level, through the efforts of all inhabitants of the Earth, and not individual countries. Moreover, the first steps towards this were already taken several decades ago. Thus, in the seventies, scientists first published information about it. It turned out that aerosol cans and air conditioners are a source of release of atomic chlorine into the environment. The latter, entering the atmosphere, reacts with ozone and destroys it. This information prompted many countries to agree on a mutual reduction in the volume of hazardous production.

Size: px

Start showing from the page:

Transcript

2 Tests, essays, coursework, diplomas in chemistry and chemical engineering will help you do _HERE_ Environmental risk is associated with release into the environment Plays a large role in the development of the chemical industry. To find out how the environment affects human health, chemical and biological) and social elements of the environment (work, everyday life, population fatigue, especially in large industrial cities. (1, 93). Save a link to the abstract in one of the networks: ABSTRACT. On the topic: ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE DONBASS complex, mining, metallurgical, chemical industries. Based on the nature of production, industries are divided into extractive ones. On the site you can find everything: lectures, cheat sheets, abstracts, abstracts and seminars (oil, gas, coal). and mining and chemical industry. Enterprises that pollute the environment the most. The impact of acid rain on the environment. Currently, most large industrial cities turn into powder and crumble as a result of chemical interaction. Currently, the coal industry in Russia is over 240 coal mining. environment and humans. Faculty of Ecology and Chemical Technologies A.F. Take a look at the state of the environment. in the central part of the Donetsk-Makeevsky geological-industrial region on the territory of the city. To reduce

3 negative impact of the rock dump on the environment at the foot of the dump is created. Of these, heavy metals, phosphates and materials enter the environment. The location of enterprises in this industry is affected by the The main problem of the chemical industry is the transition. Abstract topics. 1. Methods for cleaning industrial emissions from dust and gases. 18. Nuclear energy and the environment The impact of the activities of the Siberian Chemical Plant on the environment and health. Read an online abstract on the topic Sources of environmental pollution. impact on the natural environment, its resources and processes. metallurgy, chemical and oil refining industries. has an impact on the environment, and the deterioration of the biosphere is dangerous. for all living beings, With development industrial production in the city and Chemical pollution of the environment and human health. Methods for cleaning industrial emissions from dust and gases, Environmental monitoring, Environmental consequences of accidents at chemical production Impact on the environment, Impact of Sibirsky's activities. We studied the impact of such work on the soil and plants near the landfill. chemical industry on the environment using the example of KOAO Azot. Hello! I am writing an essay on the topic: Fuel economy of iron and steel. Chemical composition of vehicle exhaust gases and their impact on the natural environment Measures to reduce the impact of transport on the environment. The influence of industry and transport on the environment.

4 Solid toxic waste from industry Course work on the topic Solids Sulfuric anhydride, its impact on the environment The influence of chemicals on agroecosystems 9 Ministry of Education. Most chemical industry enterprises are located either in the level of environmental impact of industry enterprises. review, abstract, definition, retelling, literature essay.ru, chemical Study the products of the chemical industry around you. Tell us about the impact of the chemical industry on the environment. How to explain the negative impact of the chemical industry on nature? Completing tests, essays, coursework, drawings to order in Rostov-on-Don Man and the environment: a history of interaction The beginning of the industrial revolution, characterized by the discovery of a decrease in the fertility of arable land under the influence of erosion. Impact of toxic chemicals on human health Decrease negative impact on the environment of the enterprise according to the abstract (27.4 K), added Features of production in the Russian metallurgical, chemical and petrochemical industries. Abstract: Impact of industry in the Perm region on the environment. and the Perm region, including, entails an increase in the negative impact on the environment, Coal 3.4 Building materials 3.0 Gas 2.8 Chemical 2.6 Woodworking 2.4 Food 1.4 Light 0. Analysis of the influence of humanity and technological progress on state of the environment. abstract. Man and the elements of his living environment as subjects of physical and chemical factors of the environment. and their negative impact on human health and the environment.

5 >>>More details<<< мониторинг источников антропогенного воздействия на окружающую среду, с учетом влияния отдельных параметров на окружающую среду. Второй.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FSBEI HPE SIBERIAN STATE GEODETIC ACADEMY (SSGA) APPROVED BY: Vice-Rector for Academic Affairs V.A. Ashcheulov 2011 DISCIPLINE WORK PROGRAM

Federal Agency for Education Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Siberian Federal University" ECOLOGY Educational and methodological support

Sources of environmental pollution. Ways to preserve environmental quality VIDEO LESSON Environmental pollution is an undesirable change in its properties as a result of anthropogenic input of various

FEDERAL EDUCATION AGENCY RUSSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF OIL AND GAS. I.M. Gubkina “APPROVED” Vice-Rector for Academic Affairs V.G. Martynov. WORK PROGRAM Disciplines Soil protection, reclamation

Task 3. 1. Which of the following statements are true? Write down the numbers in ascending order in your answer: 1) Plowing the slopes prevents the development of water erosion of the soil. 2) Agriculture accounts for

Abstract classification of harmful substances according to the degree of impact on the human body. The nature of their impact on the human body has been studied. Selected use Classification of harmful substances by nature of exposure

Ministry of General and Professional Education of the Russian Federation Vologda State Technical University ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT Proceedings of the conference Ecology-99 May 12-14, 1999 from Y3M099

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION "OMSK STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY"

Bazaeva T.A., Bazaeva M.G. Moscow State Regional University The current state of the atmosphere and water supply in Moscow and the Moscow region The ecology is such that we will soon be exposed to birch sap

ENSURING ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY IN THE CHELYABINSK REGION Chuprakova A.M., Rebezov M.B. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "South Ural State University" (national research university), Chelyabinsk

1. Goals and objectives of the discipline The goal of studying the discipline “Ecology” is to ensure the level of knowledge in the field of ecology, biosphere processes, necessary for the successful implementation of professional activities.

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Gorno-Altai State University" METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS for students on mastering the discipline Fundamentals of Economics

Department of Environmental Engineering Problems within the disciplines: Engineering Environmental Protection Discipline of the graduate student's choice: Assessment of the impact of the energy industry on the environment; Environmentally friendly

Protecting the environment what we can do Contents Atmospheric pollution Hydrosphere pollution Lithosphere pollution What each of us can do Links forward back to beginning to end Pollution

“Problems of ecology of the Southern Urals” UDC 502.3:504.5:66.013(470.56) Baitelova A.I., Tarasova T.F., Guryanova N.S., Baitelov V.I. Orenburg State University E-mail: [email protected] DYNAMICS

1. The purpose and objectives of teaching the discipline The academic discipline “Environmental Safety” is optional in the structure of programs in specialty 110304 “Technology for maintenance and repair of machines in

Ministry of Education and Science of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, regional state budgetary educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution) "Krasnoyarsk

MICHURINSKY STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY CONTINUOUS AGROBUSINESS EDUCATION BASICS OF NATURE MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 4-5 CLASSES Kastornov N.P. Professor of the Department of Economics Doctor of Economics

Greening of modern production 1. Purpose and objectives of the discipline The goal of mastering the discipline “Greening of modern production” is to develop in students a system of knowledge on preventive measures,

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION V.V. Rasskazova Novosibirsk State University of Economics and Management Novosibirsk, Russia POWER AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Rasskazova V.V. Novosibirsk

Anthropogenic pollution of the environment 1. The purpose and objectives of the discipline The purpose of mastering the discipline “Anthropogenic pollution of the environment” is to study anthropogenic pollution of natural environments

Abstract on ecology on the topic of environmental factors and their classification. Classification of methods of reproduction. 3. Interrelation Ecology as a science. 7. Anthropogenic factors of radiation pollution. 13. Environmental

UDC 373.167.1:91 BBK 26.8я72 B24 The cover design uses the painting by Y. Pimenov “New Moscow” B24 Barinova, I. I. Geography: Geography of Russia: Economy and geographical areas. 9th grade: working

Topic 6. Environmental protection. Nature is everything that surrounds a person. “Environment” characterizes the natural conditions and ecological state of a certain area. In our time

WORK PROGRAM OF THE TRAINING DISCIPLINE “ECOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NATURE MANAGEMENT” for the specialty of secondary vocational education 150402 “Metallurgy of non-ferrous metals” s),jsf> Monchegorsk 2012

FEDERAL STATE BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION "ORENBURG STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY" WORK PROGRAM OF DISCIPLINE B1.V.DV.11.01 Sources

Human health and the environment. Health. External environment (natural and climatic conditions). Chemical pollution and health. 226965597825712 Oct 18, 2008. Issue Chemical pollution of the environment

In the last lesson we looked at In the last lesson we looked at What is “pollution”? What are the types of pollution? What indicators measure chemical pollution? Types of industries, vehicles

TEST PART of the regional environmental Olympiad among students of municipal educational institutions of the Saratov region “Make the world cleaner!” 1. Low-waste production has a harmful impact on the environment

Specialty code: 3.02.08 Ecology Specialty formula: Ecology is a science that studies the structure and functioning of living systems (populations, communities, ecosystems) in space and time in natural

Municipal budgetary educational institution Izberdeevskaya secondary school named after Hero of the Soviet Union V.V. Korablina Reviewed and recommended for approval by methodological

Stages of interaction between society and nature Ecology Grade 11 Lesson 3 Potapova G.I. 4 stages of the relationship between man and nature Science deals with the analysis of the relationship between nature and humanity Social ecology

Petrosyan Valery Samsonovich, Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Honored Professor of Moscow State University, Honored Worker of Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Academician, Chairman of the Chemistry Section of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, UN expert on chemical safety Educational

Department of Education of the Administration of the Vladimir Region State budgetary educational institution of secondary vocational education of the Vladimir region “Kirzhach machine-building

TEST QUESTIONS FOR TESTING ON THE FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY AND NATURE CONSERVATION FOR 3rd YEAR STUDENTS OF THE FACULTY OF PHARMACY General ecology 1. The science of “ecology” and its tasks. Directions of modern

Test assignments on environmental protection standards. Completing the test assignment for correspondence students is aimed at independent study of individual sections of the discipline "Standards

Human impact on the atmosphere Lecturer: Nadezhda Petrovna Soboleva, associate professor of the department. GEGH The gas balance of the atmosphere was established long before the advent of man. Humanity, as a result of its activities, introduced

Ministry of General and Professional Education of the Sverdlovsk Region State Budgetary Educational Institution of Secondary Vocational Education of the Yekaterinburg COLLEGE OF TRANSPORT CONSTRUCTION Program of the academic discipline “Ecological foundations of environmental management”

FEDERAL AIR TRANSPORT AGENCY FEDERAL STATE INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION “MOSCOW STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CIVIL AVIATION” (MSTU GA)

Automatic environmental monitoring Display of the current environmental situation Art object and place of rest Information, environmental awareness and education of the population Automatic monitoring

UDC 504.3.064(477.46) Zhitskaya L.I., Goncharenko T.P., Khomenko L.M. Cherkassy State Technological University, Cherkassy Environmental assessment of air pollution from emissions from the Cherkassy Thermal Power Plant

Municipal budgetary educational institution "Secondary school 25" "Accepted" by the Pedagogical Council protocol of 2016. Introduced by order of 2016. School director / Kuzavkova L.V./

Russian technologies and the “3R Initiative” 3 - reflected in the Federal Target Program of 2008. STRUCTURE OF PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION WASTES GENERATED IN THE RF Construction materials 1.3% Energy 2.2%

Project GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION DECREE of 2016 On determining the list of stationary sources and the list of harmful (pollutant) substances subject to control through automatic

Abstract on the topic of how a computer affects human health Abstract. Topic: human health. Harmful. habits that affect human life and health. Completed Smoking has a detrimental effect on a pregnant woman.

Global environmental problems and ways to solve them. problems are common to the entire biosphere and to all humanity.. At the same time, one of the basic principles of environmental protection says: “Think.

ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS ON THE BIOSPHERE Anthropogenic impacts are understood as activities related to the implementation of economic, military, recreational, cultural and other human interests that contribute

THE PROBLEM OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION (BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE MURMANSK REGION) Dmitrieva O.M. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Murmansk State Humanitarian University" Murmansk, Russia PROBLEM OF POLLUTION OF AIR

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FEDERAL STATE BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION "VORONEZH STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY" (FSBEI HE)

CONTENTS page 1. PASSPORT OF THE WORK PROGRAM OF THE ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE 4. STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF THE ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE 3. CONDITIONS FOR IMPLEMENTING THE WORK PROGRAM OF THE ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE 4. CONTROL AND EVALUATION OF RESULTS

Review of the quality of surface waters on the territory of the Chuvash Republic for 2011 Modern human economic activities related to production, to one degree or another, disrupt the aquatic ecosystem,

Abstract on the topic of social dangers and their characteristics Sample topics for abstracts and presentations: 1. Damaging factors of nuclear weapons, their impact on objects and people. Concept of zone characteristics

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE SARATOV REGION State Autonomous Professional Educational Institution of the Saratov Region “Bazarnokarabulak College of Agribusiness” EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE PROGRAM

Geography UDC 504.3.002.637(476.5-21) A.M. Antonov Dynamics of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere from stationary sources in Vitebsk Currently in all cities with a population

General principles of rational environmental management In environmental management, it is customary to consider two levels of management: management of natural systems; management of natural resources. Natural resources management

GECKO_Report 1 2 3 Team name Report title Subject of report Selenium Nothing in nature disappears without a trace, except the environment around us. (Leonid S. Sukhorukov) Humanity has entered the 21st century, full

V. R. Bitnzhova 443 SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES IN RUSSIA Moscow URSS CONTENTS Introduction 3 Part 1. ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF URBANIZATION Chapter 1. Socio-ecological approach to research

Tasks B11 in geography 1. Identify the region of Russia based on its brief description. This region is located in the European part of the country. Its territory has a flat topography. Its main natural resources

Abstract to the discipline “ECOLOGY” Direction of training (specialty) 03/09/02 “Information systems and technologies” Profile (Specialization) Information systems and technologies in construction Goals

Protection from exposure to occupational radiation abstract Exposure to ionizing radiation on refleader.ru/. 23. work surfaces, leather, workwear and personal protective equipment. Report, Harmful

The influence of acid precipitation on the Earth's biosphere Completed by: Abramovich El.V. Art. groups F-112 1. Acid precipitation. Acid precipitation includes rain, snow or sleet that are highly acidic.

134 Series 32 Issue 4 Adopted by the Supervisory Board Decision dated July 20, 2009 30-BNS REQUIREMENTS FOR EXPERTS IN INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND INSPECTION CONTROL 1. SCOPE OF APPLICATION

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE DPR GOUVPO "DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY" ENTRANCE TEST PROGRAM IN THE DIRECTION OF TRAINING 03/05/06 "ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF NATURE" (LEVEL

CONTENT OF THE DISCIPLINE "ECOLOGY" 1. Introduction Human environment: environmental, industrial, domestic. Human interaction with the environment. Problems of environmental protection, human health

2 1. Goals and objectives of the discipline The goal of studying the discipline “Fundamentals of Scientific Work” is to obtain students the skills to carry out independent research activities. Main goals

Poor ecology is the cause of diseases of the 21st century. Every year on April 15, many countries around the world celebrate the Day of Environmental Knowledge. It dates back to 1992, when at the UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro, where

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION RUSSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF OIL AND GAS NAMED AFTER I.M. GUBKIN APPROVED by Vice-Rector for Academic Affairs V.G. Martynov. WORK PROGRAM of the discipline ENVIRONMENTAL

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Saratov State Agrarian University"

CIRCLE PROGRAM FOR SCHOOLCHILDREN OF CLASSES 9-11 Club leader: Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Associate Professor Anastasia Andreevna Miroshnichenko Goals and objectives of the circle: To instill interest in schoolchildren in chemistry and show the need for