Installation of security and fire alarms for the home: installation features. Automatic fire alarm installation On what principle does the fire alarm system work?

Fire safety comes first in any home or apartment. Today, when almost all devices operate on electricity, accidental fires in wiring are a fairly common occurrence. Of course, a fire alarm cannot prevent a fire, but it is within its competence to give a signal to the relevant services. Before you go to the store, let's look at what types of fire alarms there are, and what to do if you are sorely short of funds to purchase one?

The purchase of a fire alarm must be taken very responsibly. Remember that the safety of your property in the event of a fire depends on this. Each model has its own advantages and disadvantages, so understanding their characteristics is simply necessary.

The operating principle of all fire alarms is based on two types of sensors:

• smoke sensor;
• heat sensor.

Depending on the type of power supply, all systems can operate:

• from an autonomous energy source;
• from a remote monitoring device or circuit.

Depending on their structure, fire systems can be:

Advantages and disadvantages

Depending on what requirements you place on a fire alarm system, the choice of its model will depend. Each product has its own advantages and disadvantages in a given situation, so you will have to focus on your home.

Radial threshold systems

Systems of this class are considered the most budget-friendly, but their installation is expensive. If you have special skills and education, then you can do this yourself and then register the system with special services. If you don’t have such knowledge, you will have to fork out money to invite specialists to install this alarm.

But this is not the only drawback. The very first disadvantage that most consumers encounter is false signals. To avoid this, it is necessary to duplicate sensors, which leads to increased costs.

The next disadvantage of such a system is a certain response threshold, while the health of the system practically cannot be controlled by software. If these faults do not manifest themselves at the right time, then they can only be detected by manual inspection.

Modular threshold systems

Systems of this class are more advanced. Any breakdown can be tracked on the computer, which will allow you to immediately take action and eliminate the problem.

Disadvantages include the high cost of installation and threshold signal problems, which are typical for the first type of fire alarms.

Addressable polling and analogue systems

Systems of this class have a completely different operating principle. The differences are that all sensors are assembled into one common module, this allows you to better check the operation of the system. Compare, it is easier to send one signal to all sensors at the same time, or to do this with each element one by one.

But such a system also has its drawbacks. The alarm signal in this design is received with a slight delay, and in the event of a fire not even a second can be lost.

The analog addressable design differs from the addressable interrogation system in the number of sensors. In her case, there could be about 200 of them. This allows you to assess the surrounding situation and transmit data to the control point, which, in turn, identifies a fire threat and transmits the appropriate signal. The malfunction of any sensor is also determined according to this principle, and the system will be fully operational.

Combined security and fire systems

Systems of this class are considered the most expensive devices that allow you to warn about a fire situation. But such costs are completely justified, since such a design has more ample opportunities to solve problems.

Maintenance and installation of such systems are also additional costs, but you get the opportunity to connect to a cable fire safety up to 1000 sensors, which makes it possible to justify the cost-effectiveness of the device.

Based on the data presented, we can conclude that regardless of the cost of the device, its installation may cost you many times more. Therefore, consider your financial capabilities when choosing fire system.

You can see how to connect a fire alarm with your own hands in the video presented.

DIY fire alarm

If you decide to equip your house or apartment with a fire alarm, then the right decision will be its acquisition. But what to do if your financial capabilities do not allow you to buy it, especially when the connection service is not cheap. The only way out of this situation is to make a fire alarm yourself.

By law, you can construct such a device yourself, but it will not interact with the Ministry of Emergency Situations or the police. The alarm will be sent to your phone, and you will be able to send a corresponding message to the fire services.

Sensors

Let's start with the sensors. They are a key component of the fire system, determining its reliability and efficiency. To connect them, it is recommended to use signal two- and multi-core cables in a round winding. Usually they are laid along the walls in such a way as not to spoil appearance premises. Alternatively, they can be hidden under decorative trim.

First of all, pay attention to the reed sensor. For equipping an apartment with a fire alarm, reed switch “caps” are suitable, which everyone has probably seen. For the kitchen, it is recommended to use a chip sensor that responds to heat and smoke. If you store valuables or papers in the room, then in their immediate vicinity it is necessary to install full-function sensors with motion detectors.

For equipping a private home, it is recommended to take sensors with motion detectors with a built-in control system installed on the lamp. In addition to scaring away uninvited guests, you yourself will never stumble on uneven surface in the evening, since the SPU will also provide you with lighting.

Most sensors are equipped with an LED, which is very convenient. You don't have to check every element with a tester if there is a system problem. A sensor that is damaged or has become unusable will not light up. A malfunction can be indicated either by the sensor glowing or by its extinguishing. It all depends on the chosen model.

Accommodation

For the placement of fire alarm sensors, special standards have been developed that are considered quite liberal. Take a look at the figure below, this is convenient for a specific fire system configuration, but in reality, everything is much more serious.

When placing them on the wall, remember that the distance from them to the ceiling should not be less than 0.2 m. If this rule is ignored, then the sensor ends up in a smoke pocket and reacts, and as a result, you get a false call.

If the ceiling has beams, then the sensors must be installed on their lower edge, and not on the side parts or in the space between the beams. This will also help avoid false signals.

Unfortunately, the sensor cannot control the entire hemisphere, and its sensitivity will depend on the distance between the device and the fire source.

The height of the ceiling affects the monitored area of ​​the sensor, which can be seen from the data presented.

Smoke sensor:

• With a floor-to-ceiling distance of 3.5 m, the controlled area is 85 square meters. m.;
• from 3.5-6 m – the sensor controls up to 70 sq. m.;
• from 6-10 m – up to 65 sq. m.;
• from 10 m – up to 55 sq. m.

Heat sensor:

Connection

To connect the sensors, you must use the instructions for them. The resistor always ends the loop beam. Its value is always indicated in the instructions, but by default its value is 470 Ohms, although in some cases resistors of 680 Ohms or 910 Ohms may be needed. Let's look at a few examples.

In the first case, it is necessary to connect five-terminal IP-212 sensors, which have proven themselves well in a two-wire loop. This can be done based on the proposed scheme.

In the second case, you need to connect conventional sensors with one terminal block. In this case, the wires should enter and exit in a mirror manner to the previous diagram.

In the third case, it is necessary to connect sensors with two terminal blocks. The left block is intended for the cable. And the right block is intended for autonomous activation of the SPU. To understand the connection method, you can use the diagram.

How to turn off the fire alarm

In some cases, the fire alarm may go off falsely. In order not to scare your neighbors with scary sounds, you need to figure out how to turn off the device.

• First, you need to find the reason why the alarm went off. If there is reason for this, there may be excessive smoke in the room, then it must be urgently ventilated.
• Secondly, if the alarm goes off without good reason, then you just need to turn it off. If you have simple design, then it will be enough to remove the power supply from the sensors. If the device is more modernized, you will have to go to the control panel and enter the appropriate code.

As a conclusion, we can say that installing a fire alarm can solve the problem of preserving your property. The main thing is to choose the right model according to your requirements. If the system accidentally goes off and takes you by surprise, and you don’t know how to turn it off, you can use a radical method, cutting the wires to the alarm itself. Of course it's not The best decision, since you will have to make a lot of effort to restore it, but it helps solve the problem.

Alexei

Fighting fires is most effective when initial stage. But how to recognize them before the flames engulf large areas? Previously, for this purpose in each locality Fire towers were installed from which surveillance was carried out around the clock.

When the first sign of fire—smoke—appeared, a signal was given to the duty squads. But the effectiveness of this detection method was very low. Today there are special systems that have successfully replaced humans. Installation of alarm sensors is possible in every room and even in open areas.

They detect the appearance of the slightest signs of fire and transmit a signal to the remote control. But in order for the alarm to work without failures, its eyes (detectors) must be installed in accordance with existing standards.

What does a fire alarm include?

This is a set of devices that detect signs of fire and inform people about the location of their occurrence.

The system includes:

• Fire detectors
• Receiving equipment
• Light and sound devices
• Communication lines
• Power supplies

Thirdly, the laying method. When choosing wired system for apartment important factor- aesthetics of the room. Most often chosen hidden way gaskets, and this is another 10% of the total cost.

Fourthly, analogue ones also differ in price. Although, as a way to reduce the cost of the first type of alarm, it is possible to use a combined model.

Fifth, integration with others security systems will add another 10%.

As you can see, there are more than enough factors on which the price depends. It is possible that installation carried out independently will save a certain amount, but it must be carried out taking into account all regulatory requirements.

Not everyone can afford to install a fire alarm with remote control. Most people prefer to do the installation themselves. IN in this case you should decide which rooms will be equipped with sensors. For example, gas detectors are installed in the kitchen or boiler room, smoke detectors in living rooms.

Next, choose where sensors and other equipment will be installed and how the wires will be routed. And you can proceed directly to installation. Connecting the alarm sensor should be done with the power off, slowly, and carefully. After completing the installation, you need to check the operation of all detectors and the system as a whole.

After carefully studying all the information on installing a fire alarm system, you can do it yourself. This will save money, but...

Is it worth it? After all, the slightest mistake in installation can lead to disastrous consequences.

During installation, we use a specific connection diagram for fire detectors. This article will discuss exactly this. Various schemes connections have fire detectors. It is worth remembering when planning the circuit that the alarm loop is limited in the number of fire detectors connected to it. The number of connected sensors per loop can be found in the description of the control device. Manual and smoke detectors contain four terminals. 3 and 4 are closed in the diagram. This design makes it possible to control the fire alarm system. More specifically, by connecting a smoke detector using pins 3 and 4, a “Fault” signal will be generated on the control device if the detector is removed.

When connecting, it is worth remembering that the fire sensor terminals have different polarities. Pin two is often a plus, and pins three and four are minus; the first pin is used when connecting a final or control LED. But often it is not used.

If you look at the connection diagram, you can see three resistances, Rok, Rbal. and Radd. The resistor values ​​can be read in the manual of the control device and are usually supplied with it. Rbal. according to its functions it is needed for the same purpose as Radditional, it is used in smoke detectors and manual ones. The control device is usually not included in the kit. Sold separately.

During normal operation, thermal sensors are usually short-circuited, therefore our resistance Rbal does not participate in the circuit until a trigger occurs. Only after this will our resistance be added to the chain. This is necessary in order to create an “Alarm” signal after one or two sensors are triggered. When we use a connection in which the “Alarm” signal is generated from two sensors, then when one is triggered, control device"Attention" signal is received. These connections are used for both smoke and heat sensors.

By connecting smoke sensors and using Radditional in the circuit, an “Alarm” will be sent to the control device only after two sensors are triggered. When the first sensor is triggered, the control device will display an “Attention” signal.

If the resistor Radd is not used in the circuit, the “Alarm” signal will be sent to the control device as soon as the sensor is triggered.

Manual call points are connected only in one mode, that is, so that when one device is triggered, an “Alarm” signal immediately appears in the system. This is necessary for immediate notification of a fire.

How to protect your apartment, house or cottage from fire? Only by promptly identifying even the slightest sign of fire. A fire alarm will best help you with this. But its effectiveness can be counted on only under one condition - if the installation of sensors is carried out in accordance with all norms and rules. Therefore, next we will figure out how to install an alarm system with your own hands: for your attention the basic principles of installing sensors, step by step instructions, detailed diagram connections, as well as an explanatory video.

Preparation and design

First, let's clarify what a fire alarm is in order to get a general idea of ​​what you have to work with in the future. Fire alarm means a whole complex of devices that consistently detect signs of fire and inform about their location. The system includes the following elements:

• sensors;
• communication lines;
• power supply;
• receiving device.

Actually, preparatory stage installation of fire alarms and involves the selection of operating devices. The first step is to decide on the sensors - they directly react to certain dangerous factors and transmit the signal to the receiving point. Depending on the principle of operation, sensors are divided into three groups:

Flame sensor

1. Thermal - react to an unnatural increase in temperature in the room.
2. Smoke - react to smoke.
3. Flame sensors - react to open sources of fire.

There are also combined sensors that detect both an increase in temperature and the appearance of smoke and fire.

Advice. When choosing a sensor, pay attention not only to its method of operation, but also to durability, a guarantee against false alarms and efficiency of signal transmission.

The second component of the system that requires special attention, – communication lines. Choose wires with low resistance, low flammability and minimal signal loss.

The installation of a fire alarm must be preceded by system design. At this stage, it is necessary to create an approximate layout of all working alarm devices and cable lines, taking into account the area and configuration of each serviced room.

Calculation of the number of sensors

To obtain the exact number of sensors to ensure the most effective fire alarm system, professionals use special modeling programs, but if you do not have such an opportunity, you can make the calculations yourself. To do this, you need to know three indicators: the area of ​​the room served, the height of its ceilings and the type of sensors used. Thus, one smoke device in a room 3.5 m high is capable of controlling an area of ​​up to 85 sq.m., and one heat device – up to 25 sq.m. In rooms with a height of 3.5 to 6 m, the smoke sensor “sees” up to 70 square meters of area, the thermal sensor – up to 20 square meters. Accordingly, the greater the height, the smaller area device coverage.

When calculating required quantity sensors for the entire apartment, house or cottage, keep in mind that devices must be in every room, residential and non-residential, and on every floor. Even the attic and basement are no exception, because any area of ​​the facility can be susceptible to fire.

Fire safety sensor installation

Sensor placement

Sensors fire safety Can be installed both on the ceiling and on the walls. But adhering to certain standards:

• distance from walls and corners – 450 cm;
• the distance between the sensors (provided that the ceiling is one-level) is no more than 900 cm.

At first glance, the standards are absolutely democratic, but the catch is that they are designed only for convenient configuration of the fire alarm system in general. Let us immediately warn you that in reality such an arrangement of sensors is not always possible. Why? There are two reasons for this. Firstly, mounting sensors on the wall is only allowed if the distance to the ceiling surface is at least 20 cm. Otherwise, there is a risk of the device getting into a smoke pocket, which can cause a false alarm. Secondly, the sensitivity of the sensor is directly dependent on the distance to the potential ignition source.

Important! If beams are installed on the ceiling, the sensors must be placed only on their lower surfaces, not their side surfaces. It is also not recommended to install devices between beams, as the likelihood of getting into a smoke pocket increases, and this can lead to disruption of the functioning of the system.

Sensor installation

When all fire alarm devices have been selected and purchased, you can begin installing them:

1. Attach the sensors to the marked positions.
2. Connect the sensors to the receiving device's loops. This procedure is performed according to the instructions that come with the equipment. A termination resistor must be installed in the last loop.
3. Connect all sensors in series.
4. Using a two-wire wire, connect the sensors to a power source.

After this, each sensor needs to be tested - to do this, just hold a burning candle near it.

The key to proper functioning of a fire alarm system is regular maintenance of its components. If the system is powered using lithium battery, the serviceability of the sensors should be checked monthly. The power source needs to be changed every year - as practice shows, it is during this period that it wastes the entire resource. It is advisable to change the reacting devices themselves every 7-8 years. Also remember to check your wired communication lines regularly.

Thus, self installation fire alarm is a difficult but completely doable task. The main thing is to understand the basic nuances of installing sensors and connect them according to the instructions. So do not neglect the recommendations offered - remember that your safety and the safety of your property will directly depend on the quality of work.

How to install a fire alarm sensor: video

Fire alarm: photo

Fire alarm is complex system, which helps to detect the source of the fire. In addition, it provides a voice warning system, smoke removal and other important functions. Many people understand the general aspects of the operation of such equipment, but not all of them understand how notification of violations occurs. Because of this, doubts may arise about whether it is worth installing this system at all, since it may seem that it is not very reliable. To do this, we will take a closer look at the principle by which fire alarms work.

How the alert works

First, let us recall what a fire alarm consists of:

• touch devices, that is, detectors and sensors;
• equipment responsible for collecting and processing information from touch devices and sensors;
• centralized control equipment, such as a central computer.

Peripheral devices (have independent design and connect to the control panel):

• message printer: printing of service and alarm messages of the system;
• Remote Control;
• warning light;
• sound annunciator;
• module isolating short circuit: Used to ensure that ring loops remain operational in the event of a short circuit.

IN general principle There is nothing complicated about the work: through special sensors, the information is subject to a processing program, and then output to the monitoring center responsible for safety. Here, special attention should be paid to the sensors themselves, which are divided into two types.

1. Active sensors. They generate a constant signal belonging to the protected area. If it changes, they begin to react.
2. Passive sensors. Their action is based on a direct change in the environment, which is caused by fire.

In addition, sensors may differ in their mechanism of action:

• work due to the infrared mechanism;
• due to the magnetic red mechanism;
• due to a combined mechanism;
• response to glass breakage;
• use of perimeter active switches.

Algorithm of actions

After the sensors have detected the source of fire, the fire alarm begins to carry out an algorithm of actions. If circuit diagram done correctly, then the entire algorithm will work correctly.

1. In order for people to know about the start of a fire, the warning system must turn on. It can be light and sound or conventional, that is, sound. The composition and type of notification is determined at the design stage. It depends on the area of ​​the building, its height, and so on. The warning system necessarily includes illuminated signs with the inscription “exit”, which help to find a way out in a smoky space.

   

2. Clearing all escape routes. This is possible with an access control and management system (ACS). The fire alarm gives a signal to it and it, that is, the access control system, allows people in the building to leave dangerous place without obstacles.

   

3. Turning on the system automatic fire extinguishing. There are three possible options here: water fire extinguishing, water-foam, powder or gas fire extinguishing. The type is determined by the NBP, as well as by the property located on the site. For example, you can take the library. Let's imagine that the fire in it will be extinguished with foam or water. In this case, the losses from this will be the same as from the fire itself.

   

4. Turning on the smoke removal system. This is important to prevent people from getting poisoned harmful substances contained in smoke from a fire. Also from the system supply ventilation The supply of air from the street must be stopped, as it contributes to fanning the flame. All these commands are also given by an automatic fire alarm.

   

5. If the building has elevators, they must descend to ground floor level and lock, but the doors must open before doing so.

   

6. Disconnection of current consumers. Life support systems go into emergency mode. The security system itself is supplied from UPS, that is, uninterruptible power supplies.

Alarm connection diagram

In order for all these points to be carried out efficiently, it is important to correctly draw up a schematic diagram of the alarm connection. With its help, operation of the system will be efficient and safe.

Let us recall that the circuit diagram differs in two important points:

• shows how to reproduce the diagram;
• provides information about the composition of the circuit and operating principles, which is also useful when modifying or repairing equipment.

Usually the connection diagram is given along with the alarm kit. Care must be taken to ensure compliance with all aspects of equipment installation. Correct scheme and following it exactly will help you quickly respond to a fire and take all necessary actions aimed at saving people.

As you can see, the principle by which the fire alarm operates is quite simple. The main thing is that all the actions included in it are completed on time, since we are talking about life. This is also main reason, according to which it is necessary to promptly and carefully install fire alarms, which serve the benefit of all people.