Nucleic acids, ATP and other organic compounds of the cell. Organic compounds of the cell. Vitamins and ATP

>> ATP and others organic compounds cells

ATP and other organic compounds of the cell.

1. What organic substances do you know?
2. What vitamins do you know? What is their role?
3. What types of energy do you know?
4. Why is energy necessary for the life of any organism?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of the nitrogenous base adenine, carbohydrates ribose and three phosphoric acid residues (Fig. 12), found in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, plastids and nuclei.

ATP is an unstable structure. When one phosphoric acid residue is separated, ATP turns into adenosine diphosphate (ADP), if another phosphoric acid residue is separated (which is extremely rare), then ADP turns into adenosine monophosphate (AMP). When each phosphoric acid residue is separated, 40 kJ of energy is released.

ATP + H2O → ADP + H3PO4 + 40 kJ,
ADP + H2O →AMP + H3PO4 + 40 kJ.

The bond between phosphoric acid residues is called high-energy (it is designated by the symbol -) since its rupture releases almost four times more energy than the cleavage of other chemical bonds (Fig. 13).

ATP - universal source energy for all reactions occurring in the cell.

Vitamins (from Latin vita - life) are complex bioorganic compounds necessary in small quantities for normal life. organisms. Unlike other organic substances, vitamins are not used as a source of energy or building material. Organisms can synthesize some vitamins themselves (for example, bacteria are able to synthesize almost all vitamins), other vitamins enter the body with food.

Vitamins are usually designated by letters of the Latin alphabet. The basis modern classification Vitamins rely on their ability to dissolve in water and fats. There are fat-soluble (A, D, E and K) and water-soluble (B, C, PP, etc.) vitamins.

Vitamins play a big role in metabolism and other vital processes of the body. Both deficiency and excess of vitamins can lead to serious disturbances in many physiological functions in the body.

In addition to the organic compounds listed above (carbohydrates, lipids, squirrels, nucleic acids, vitamins) there are always many other organic substances in any cell. They are intermediate or final products of biosynthesis and breakdown.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Macroergic connection.

Vitamins are fat-soluble and water-soluble.

1. What is the structure of the ATP molecule?
2. What function does ATP perform?
3. What connections are called macroergic?
4. What role do vitamins play in the body?

Kamensky A. A., Kriksunov E. V., Pasechnik V. V. Biology 9th grade
Submitted by readers from the website

MBOU secondary school No. 4 st. Zolskaya

9th grade

teacher Kamerdzhieva E.A.

Lesson topic: “ATP and other organic compounds of the cell”

Purpose of the lesson: to study the structure of ATP.

1. Educational:

introduce students to the structure and functions of the ATP molecule;

introduce other organic compounds of the cell.

teach schoolchildren to describe the hydrolysis of the transition of ATP to ADP, ADP to AMP;

2. Developmental:

to form in students personal motivation and cognitive interest in this topic;

expand knowledge about the energy of chemical bonds and vitamins

develop intellectual and Creative skills students, dialectical thinking;

deepen knowledge about the relationship between the structure of the atom and the structure of PSCE;

practice the skills of forming AMP from ATP and vice versa.

3. Educational:

continue to develop cognitive interest in the structure of elements molecular level any cell of a biological object.

form a tolerant attitude towards your health, knowing the role vitamins play in the human body.

Equipment: table, textbook, multimedia projector.

Lesson type: combined

Lesson structure:

Survey d/z;

Studying new topic;

Pinning a new topic;

Homework;

Lesson plan:

ATP molecule structure, function;

Vitamins: classification, role in the human body.

During the classes.

I. Organizational moment.

II. Check of knowledge

Structure of DNA and RNA (orally) - frontal questioning.

Construction of the second strand of DNA and mRNA (3-4 people)

Biological dictation (6-7) 1 var. odd numbers, 2 var.-even

1) Which nucleotide is not part of DNA?

2) If the nucleotide composition of DNA is ATT-GCH-TAT-, then what should the nucleotide composition of i-RNA be?

3) Specify the composition of the DNA nucleotide?

4) What function does mRNA perform?

5) What are the monomers of DNA and RNA?

6) Name the main differences between mRNA and DNA.

7) A strong covalent bond in a DNA molecule occurs between: ...

8) Which type of RNA molecule has the longest chains?

9) What type of RNA reacts with amino acids?

10) What nucleotides make up RNA?

2) UAA-CHTs-AUA

3) Phosphoric acid residue, deoxyribose, adenine

4) Removal and transfer of information from DNA

5) Nucleotides,

6) Single-chain, contains ribose, transmits information

7) Phosphoric acid residue and sugars of neighboring nucleotides

10) Adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine.

(zero errors – “5”, 1 error – “4”, 2 errors – “3”)

III. Learning new material

What types of energy do you know? (Kinetic, potential.)

You studied these types of energy in physics lessons. Biology also has its own type of energy - the energy of chemical bonds. Let's say you drank tea with sugar. The food enters the stomach, where it is liquefied and sent to the small intestine, where it is broken down: large molecules to small ones. Those. Sugar is a carbohydrate disaccharide that is broken down into glucose. It is broken down and serves as a source of energy, i.e. 50% of the energy is dissipated in the form of heat to maintain a constant temperature of the body, and 50% of the energy, which is converted into ATP energy, is stored for the needs of the cell.

So, the purpose of the lesson is to study the structure of the ATP molecule.

The structure of ATP and its role in the cell (Explanation by the teacher using tables and pictures from the textbook.)

ATP was discovered in 1929 Karl Lohmann, and 1941 Fritz Lipmann showed that ATP is the main carrier of energy in the cell. ATP is found in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nucleus.

ATP - adenosine triphosphate - a nucleotide consisting of the nitrogenous base adenine, the carbohydrate ribose and 3 H3PO4 residues connected alternately.

This is an unstable structure. If you separate 1 residue of NZP04, then ATP will go into ADP:

ATP+H2O =ADP+H3PO4+E, E=40kJ

ADP-adenosine diphosphate

ADP + H2O = AMP + H3PO4 + E, E = 40 kJ

Phosphoric acid residues are connected by a symbol, this is a high-energy bond:

When it breaks, 40 kJ of energy is released. Guys, let's write down the conversion of ADP from ATP:

So, what can you say about the structure of ATP and its functions?

Vitamins and other organic compounds of the cell.

In addition to the studied organic compounds (proteins, fats, carbohydrates), there are organic compounds - vitamins. Do you eat vegetables, fruits, meat? (Yes, sure!)

All these products contain large amounts of vitamins. For the normal functioning of our body, we need a small amount of vitamins from food. But the amount of food we consume is not always able to replenish our body with vitamins. The body can synthesize some vitamins itself, while others come only from food (N., vitamin K, C).

Vitamins – a group of low molecular weight organic compounds of relatively simple structure and diverse chemical nature.

All vitamins are usually designated by letters Latin alphabet-A, B, D, F...

Based on solubility in water and fat, vitamins are divided into:

VITAMINS

Fat-soluble Water-soluble

E, A, D K C, RR, B

Vitamins are involved in many biochemical reactions, performing a catalytic function as part of active centers large quantities various enzymes.

Vitamins play a vital role in metabolism. The concentration of vitamins in tissues and the daily need for them are small, but with insufficient intake of vitamins into the body, characteristic and dangerous pathological changes occur.

Most vitamins are not synthesized in the human body, so they must be regularly and in sufficient quantities supplied to the body with food or in the form of vitamin-mineral complexes and food additives.

There are two fundamental reasons for the disruption of the supply of vitamins to the body: pathological conditions:

Hypovitaminosis – vitamin deficiency.

Hypervitaminosis – excess vitamin.

Vitamin deficiency – complete lack of vitamin.

IV. Fixing the material

Discussion of issues during a frontal conversation:

How is the ATP molecule structured?

What role does ATP play in the body?

How is ATP formed?

Why are the bonds between phosphoric acid residues called macroergic?

What new have you learned about vitamins?

Why are vitamins needed in the body?

V. Homework

Study § 1.7 “ATP and other organic compounds of the cell”, answer the questions at the end of the paragraph, learn the summary

Full name of educational institution:Department of Secondary vocational education Tomsk Region OGBPOU "Kolpashevo Social-Industrial College"

Course: Biology

Section: General biology

Age group: Grade 10

Subject: Biopolymers. Nucleic acids, ATP and other organic compounds.

Purpose of the lesson: continue the study of biopolymers, contribute to the formation of logical techniques and cognitive abilities.

Lesson objectives:

Educational:introduce students to concepts nucleic acids, promote comprehension and assimilation of the material.

Educational: develop the cognitive qualities of students (the ability to see a problem, the ability to ask questions).

Educational: to form positive motivation for studying biology, the desire to obtain the final result, the ability to make decisions and draw conclusions.

Implementation time: 90 min.

Equipment:

• PC and video projector;
• author's presentation created in Power Point;
• dispensing didactic material(amino acid coding list);

Plan:

1. Types of nucleic acids.

2. Structure of DNA.

3. Main types of RNA.

4. Transcription.

5. ATP and other organic compounds of the cell.

Progress of the lesson:

I. Organizational moment.
Checking readiness for class.

II. Repetition.

Oral survey:

1. Describe the functions of fats in the cell.

2. What is the difference between protein biopolymers and carbohydrate biopolymers? What are their similarities?

Testing (3 options)

III. Learning new material.

1. Types of nucleic acids.The name nucleic acids comes from the Latin word “nucleos”, i.e. nucleus: They were first discovered in cell nuclei. There are two types of nucleic acids in cells: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). These biopolymers are made up of monomers called nucleotides. The nucleotide monomers of DNA and RNA are similar in basic structural features and play a central role in the storage and transmission of hereditary information. Each nucleotide consists of three components connected by strong chemical bonds. Each of the nucleotides that make up RNA contains a tricarbon sugar - ribose; one of four organic compounds called nitrogenous bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil (A, G, C, U); phosphoric acid residue.

2. Structure of DNA . The nucleotides that make up DNA contain a five-carbon sugar - deoxyribose; one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (A, G, C, T); phosphoric acid residue.

In the composition of nucleotides, a nitrogenous base is attached to a molecule of ribose (or deoxyribose) on one side, and a phosphoric acid residue on the other. The nucleotides are connected to each other into long chains. The backbone of such a chain is formed by regularly alternating sugar and phosphoric acid residues, and the side groups of this chain are four type of irregularly alternating nitrogenous bases.

The DNA molecule is a structure consisting of two strands, which are connected to each other along their entire length by hydrogen bonds. This structure, unique to DNA molecules, is called a double helix. A feature of the DNA structure is that opposite the nitrogenous base A in one chain lies the nitrogenous base T in the other chain, and the nitrogenous base C is always located opposite the nitrogenous base G.

Schematically, what has been said can be expressed as follows:

A (adenine) - T (thymine)

T (thymine) - A (adenine)

G (guanine) - C (cytosine)

C (cytosine) - G (guanine)

These pairs of bases are called complementary bases (complementing each other). DNA strands in which the bases are located complementary to each other are called complementary strands.

The model of the structure of the DNA molecule was proposed by J. Watson and F. Crick in 1953. It was fully confirmed experimentally and played an extremely important role in the development molecular biology and genetics.

The order of arrangement of nucleotides in DNA molecules determines the order of arrangement of amino acids in linear protein molecules, i.e., their primary structure. A set of proteins (enzymes, hormones, etc.) determines the properties of the cell and the organism. DNA molecules store information about these properties and pass them on to generations of descendants, i.e. they are carriers of hereditary information. DNA molecules are mainly found in the nuclei of cells and in small quantities in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

3. Main types of RNA.Hereditary information stored in DNA molecules is realized through protein molecules. Information about the structure of the protein is transmitted to the cytoplasm by special RNA molecules, which are called messenger RNA (i-RNA). Messenger RNA is transferred to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs with the help of special organelles - ribosomes. It is messenger RNA, which is built complementary to one of the DNA strands, that determines the order of amino acids in protein molecules.

Another type of RNA also takes part in protein synthesis - transport RNA (t-RNA), which brings amino acids to the place of formation of protein molecules - ribosomes, a kind of factories for the production of proteins.

Ribosomes contain a third type of RNA, the so-called ribosomal RNA (r-RNA), which determines the structure and functioning of ribosomes.

Each RNA molecule, unlike a DNA molecule, is represented by a single strand; It contains ribose instead of deoxyribose and uracil instead of thymine.

So, nucleic acids perform the most important functions in the cell biological functions. DNA stores hereditary information about all the properties of the cell and the organism as a whole. Different kinds RNAs take part in the implementation of hereditary information through protein synthesis.

4. Transcription.

The process of mRNA formation is called transcription (from the Latin “transcription” - rewriting). Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus. DNA → mRNA with the participation of the polymerase enzyme.tRNA acts as a translator from the “language” of nucleotides to the “language” of amino acids,tRNA receives a command from mRNA - the anticodon recognizes the codon and carries the amino acid.

5. ATP and other organic compounds of the cell

In any cell, in addition to proteins, fats, polysaccharides and nucleic acids, there are several thousand other organic compounds. They can be divided into final and intermediate products of biosynthesis and decomposition.

End products of biosynthesisare organic compounds that play an independent role in the body or serve as monomers for the synthesis of biopolymers. The final products of biosynthesis include amino acids, from which proteins are synthesized in cells; nucleotides - monomers from which nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) are synthesized; glucose, which serves as a monomer for the synthesis of glycogen, starch, and cellulose.

The path to the synthesis of each of the final products lies through a series of intermediate compounds. Many substances undergo enzymatic breakdown and breakdown in cells.

The final products of biosynthesis are substances that play an important role in the regulation of physiological processes and the development of the body. These include many animal hormones. Hormones of anxiety or stress (for example, adrenaline) under stress increase the release of glucose into the blood, which ultimately leads to an increase in ATP synthesis and the active use of energy stored by the body.

Adenosine phosphoric acids.A particularly important role in the bioenergetics of the cell is played by the adenyl nucleotide, to which two more phosphoric acid residues are attached. This substance is called adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP). ATP molecule is a nucleotide formed by the nitrogenous base adenine, the five-carbon sugar ribose and three phosphoric acid residues. The phosphate groups in the ATP molecule are connected to each other by high-energy (macroergic) bonds.

ATP - universal biological energy accumulator. The light energy of the Sun and the energy contained in the food consumed are stored in ATP molecules.

The average lifespan of 1 ATP molecule in the human body is less than a minute, so it is broken down and restored 2400 times a day.

Energy (E) is stored in the chemical bonds between the phosphoric acid residues of the ATP molecule, which is released when the phosphate is removed:

ATP = ADP + P + E

This reaction produces adenosine diphosphoric acid (ADP) and phosphoric acid (phosphate, P).

ATP + H2O → ADP + H3PO4 + energy (40 kJ/mol)

ATP + H2O → AMP + H4P2O7 + energy (40 kJ/mol)

ADP + H3PO4 + energy (60 kJ/mol) → ATP + H2O

All cells use ATP energy for the processes of biosynthesis, movement, heat production, transmission of nerve impulses, luminescence (for example, in luminescent bacteria), i.e. for all vital processes.

IV. Summary of the lesson.

1. Summarizing the material studied.

Questions for students:

1. What components make up nucleotides?

2. Why is the DNA content constant in different cells organism is considered evidence that DNA is genetic material?

3. Give comparative characteristics DNA and RNA.

4. Solve problems:

G-G-G-A-T-A-A-C-A-G-A-T complete the second chain.

Answer: DNA G-G-G- A-T-A-A-C-A-G-A-T

Ts-Ts-Ts-T-A-T-T-G-T-Ts-T-A

(based on the principle of complementarity)

2) Indicate the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule built on this section of the DNA chain.

Answer: mRNA G-G-G-A-U-A-A-C-A-G-C-U

3) A fragment of one DNA strand has the following composition:

• -A-A-A-T-T-C-C-G-G-. complete the second chain.

• -C-T-A-T-A-G-C-T-G-.

5. Solve the test:

4) Which nucleotide is not part of DNA?

a) thymine;

b) uracil;

c) guanine;

d) cytosine;

d) adenine.

Answer: b

5) If the nucleotide composition of DNA

ATT-GCH-TAT - then what should be the nucleotide composition of i-RNA?

A) TAA-CHTs-UTA;

B) TAA-GTG-UTU;

B) UAA-CHTs-AUA;

D) UAA-CHC-ATA.

Answer: in

1. What organic substances do you know?

Organic substances: proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, fats (lipids), vitamins.

2. What vitamins do you know? What is their role?

There are water-soluble (C, B1, B2, B6, PP, B12 and B5), fat-soluble (A, B, E and K) vitamins.

3. What types of energy do you know?

Magnetic, thermal, light, chemical, electrical, mechanical, nuclear, etc.

4. Why is energy necessary for the life of any organism?

Energy is necessary for the synthesis of all specific substances of the body, maintaining its highly ordered organization, active transport of substances within cells, from one cell to another, from one part of the body to another, for the transmission of nerve impulses, the movement of organisms, the maintenance constant temperature body and for other purposes.

Questions

1. What is the structure of the ATP molecule?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of the nitrogenous base adenine, the carbohydrate ribose and three phosphoric acid residues.

2. What function does ATP perform?

ATP is a universal source of energy for all reactions occurring in the cell.

3. What connections are called macroergic?

The bond between phosphoric acid residues is called macroergic (it is denoted by the symbol ~), since its rupture releases almost four times more energy than the cleavage of other chemical bonds.

4. What role do vitamins play in the body?

Vitamins are complex organic compounds necessary in small quantities for the normal functioning of organisms. Unlike other organic substances, vitamins are not used as a source of energy or building material.

The biological effect of vitamins in the human body lies in the active participation of these substances in metabolic processes. Vitamins take part in the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates either directly or as part of complex enzyme systems. Vitamins are involved in oxidative processes, as a result of which numerous substances are formed from carbohydrates and fats, used by the body as energy and plastic material. Vitamins contribute to normal cell growth and development of the entire body. Vitamins play an important role in maintaining the body’s immune responses, ensuring its resistance to adverse factors. environment.

Tasks

Having summarized your existing knowledge, prepare a message about the role of vitamins in the normal functioning of the human body. Discuss with your classmates the question: how can a person provide his body with the necessary amount of vitamins?

Timely and balanced receipt required quantity vitamins contribute to normal human life. The main amount of them enters the body with food, so it is important to eat properly (for food to contain vitamins in the required quantity, it must be varied and balanced).

The role of vitamins in the human body

Vitamins - vital important substances, necessary for our body to maintain many of its functions. Therefore, a sufficient and constant supply of vitamins to the body through food is extremely important.

The biological effect of vitamins in the human body lies in the active participation of these substances in metabolic processes. Vitamins take part in the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates either directly or as part of complex enzyme systems. Vitamins are involved in oxidative processes, as a result of which numerous substances are formed from carbohydrates and fats, used by the body as energy and plastic material. Vitamins contribute to normal cell growth and development of the entire body. Vitamins play an important role in maintaining the body’s immune responses, ensuring its resistance to adverse environmental factors. This is essential in the prevention of infectious diseases.

Vitamins mitigate or eliminate the adverse effects on the human body of many medicines. Lack of vitamins affects the condition of individual organs and tissues, as well as essential functions: growth, procreation, intellectual and physical capabilities, protective functions body. Long-term deficiency Vitamin deficiency leads first to decreased ability to work, then to deterioration of health, and in the most extreme, severe cases, this can result in death.

Only in some cases can our body synthesize individual vitamins in small quantities. For example, the amino acid tryptophan can be converted in the body into nicotinic acid. Vitamins are necessary for the synthesis of hormones - special biologically active substances that regulate a variety of body functions.

It turns out that vitamins are substances that belong to the essential factors of human nutrition and are of great importance for the functioning of the body. They are necessary for the hormonal system and enzyme system of our body. They also regulate our metabolism, making the human body healthy, vigorous and beautiful.

The main amount of them enters the body with food, and only some are synthesized in the intestine by the beneficial microorganisms living in it, but in this case they are not always enough. Many vitamins are quickly destroyed and do not accumulate in the body in required quantities, therefore a person needs a constant supply of them with food.

The use of vitamins for therapeutic purposes (vitamin therapy) was initially entirely associated with the impact on various forms of their deficiency. Since the middle of the 20th century, vitamins began to be widely used to fortify food, as well as feed in livestock farming.

A number of vitamins are represented not by one, but by several related compounds. Knowledge chemical structure vitamins made it possible to obtain them through chemical synthesis; along with microbiological synthesis, this is the main method of producing vitamins on an industrial scale.

The primary source of vitamins are plants in which vitamins accumulate. Vitamins enter the body mainly through food. Some of them are synthesized in the intestines under the influence of the vital activity of microorganisms, but the resulting amounts of vitamins do not always fully satisfy the body's needs.

Conclusion: Vitamins affect absorption nutrients, promote normal cell growth and development of the entire organism. Being integral part enzymes, vitamins determine their normal function and activity. A deficiency, and especially the absence of any vitamin in the body leads to metabolic disorders. With a lack of them in food, a person’s performance, the body’s resistance to diseases, and the effects of unfavorable environmental factors decrease. As a result of deficiency or absence of vitamins, vitamin deficiency develops.

Lesson summary

Pedagogy and didactics

ATP and other organic compounds of the cell. Adenosine triphosphate ATP. ATP is a nucleotide consisting of the nitrogenous base adenine of the carbohydrate ribose and three phosphoric acid residues. ATP is an unstable structure.

Lesson 8. ATP and other organic compounds of the cell. 1.7

1. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

ATP is a nucleotide consisting of the nitrogenous base adenine, the carbohydrate ribose and three phosphoric acid residues (Fig. 12), found in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, plastids and nuclei.

ATP unstable structure. When one phosphoric acid residue is separated, ATP is converted toadenosine diphosphate (ADP),if another phosphoric acid residue is separated (which happens extremely rarely), then ADP passes V adenosine monophosphate (AMP).When each phosphoric acid residue is separated, 40 kJ of energy is released. The bond between phosphoric acid residues is called high-energy (it is designated by the symbol ~), since its rupture releases almost four times more energy than the cleavage of other chemical bonds (Fig. 13). ATP is a universal source of energy for all reactions occurring in the cell.

2. Vitamins.

Vitamins (from Latin vita life) bioorganic compounds necessary in small quantities for the normal functioning of organisms. Unlike other organic substances, vitamins are not used as a source of energy or building material, combining with proteins as coenzymes , they lead to the formation of enzymes.

Some vitamins can be synthesized by the body itself (for example, bacteria are capable of producing almost all vitamins). Other vitamins enter the body with food. Vitamins are usually designated by letters of the Latin alphabet. The modern classification of vitamins is based on their ability to dissolve in water and fat. Distinguishfat-soluble(A, D, E and K) and water-soluble(B, C, PP, etc.) vitamins.

Vitamins play a big role in metabolism and other vital processes of the body. Both deficiency and excess of vitamins can lead to serious disturbances in many physiological functions in the body.

In addition to the organic compounds listed above (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins), there are always many other organic substances in any cell. They are intermediate or final products of biosynthesis and breakdown.

Card on the board:

1. What nitrogenous base is included in ATP composition?
2. What carbohydrate is included in ATP?
3. How many high-energy bonds are there in an ATP molecule?
4. How much energy is released when all high-energy bonds in an ATP molecule are broken?
5. What functions does ATP perform in a cell?
6. What is the importance of vitamins for the body?
7. What is the importance of enzymes for the body?
8. List fat-soluble vitamins.
9. In which studied molecules is the carbohydrate ribose found?
10. In which molecules studied are phosphoric acid residues found?

Cards for written work:

1. Definition or essence of the term: 1. ATP. 2. ADF. 3. AMF. 4. Macroergic connections. 5. Vitamins. 6. Coenzymes.
2. Structure of ATP, ADP, AMP.
3. ATP value.
4. Characteristics of vitamins.

Computer testing

**Test 1 . The ATP molecule contains:

1. Nitrogenous base.
2. Amino acid.
3. Three phosphoric acid residues.
4. Carbohydrate.

**Test 2 . Carbohydrate and nitrogenous base ATP:

1. Ribose carbohydrate.
   1. Deoxyribose carbohydrate.
   2. The nitrogenous base is uracil.
   3. The nitrogenous base is adenine.

Test 3 . In the ATP molecule of high-energy bonds:

1. One.
2. Two.
3. Three.
4. Four.
5. Cytosine.

Test 4. When ATP breaks down to AMP and 2 molecules of H 3 RO 4 energy released:

1. 40 kJ.
2. 80 kJ.
3. 120 kJ.
4. 30.6 kJ.

Test 5 . Value of vitamins:

1. They combine with proteins to form enzymes.
2. They combine with fats to form enzymes.
3. They combine with carbohydrates to form enzymes.
4. Enzymes combine with RNA.

Test 6 . Fat-soluble vitamins?

1. A, C, D, K.
2. A, B, D, K.
3. A, D, E, K.
4. A, C, B, K.

**Test 7 . Small organic molecules include:

1. Squirrels.
2. Fats.
3. Vitamins.
4. ATP.

**Test 8 . The nitrogenous base adenine is part of:

1. DNA.
2. RNA.
3. ATP.
4. Belkov.

Test 9 . The monosaccharide ribose is included in:

1. DNA.
2. RNA.
3. ATP.
4. Maltose.

**Test 10 . Phosphoric acid residues are included in:

1. DNA.
2. RNA.
3. ATP.
4. Lactose.