Modern view of the periodic table. Periodic law of D. I. Mendeleev and the periodic system of chemical elements

Ether in the periodic table

The world ether is the substance of EVERY chemical element and, therefore, EVERY substance; it is the Absolute true matter as the Universal element-forming Essence.The world ether is the source and crown of the entire genuine Periodic Table, its beginning and end - the alpha and omega of the Periodic Table of Elements of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.

In ancient philosophy, ether (aithér-Greek), along with earth, water, air and fire, is one of the five elements of being (according to Aristotle) ​​- the fifth essence (quinta essentia - Latin), understood as the finest all-pervading matter. At the end of the 19th century, the hypothesis of a world ether (ME) filling all of the world’s space became widely circulated in scientific circles. It was understood as a weightless and elastic liquid that permeates all bodies. Many have tried to explain the existence of ether physical phenomena and properties.

Data. Ether was in the original periodic table. The cell for Ether was located in the zero group with inert gases and in the zero row as the main system-forming factor for building the System of chemical elements. After Mendeleev's death, the table was distorted by removing Ether from it and eliminating the zero group, thereby hiding the fundamental discovery of conceptual significance.
In modern Ether tables: 1 - not visible, 2 - not guessable (due to the absence of a zero group).

Such purposeful forgery hinders the development of the progress of civilization.
Man-made disasters (eg Chernobyl and Fukushima) would have been avoided if adequate resources had been invested in a timely manner in the development of a genuine periodic table. Concealment of conceptual knowledge occurs at the global level to “lower” civilization.

Result. In schools and universities they teach a cropped periodic table.
Assessment of the situation. The periodic table without Ether is the same as humanity without children - you can live, but there will be no development and no future.
Summary. If the enemies of humanity hide knowledge, then our task is to reveal this knowledge.
Conclusion. IN old table There are fewer Mendeleev elements, and more foresight than in the modern one.
Conclusion. A new level is possible only if the information state of society changes.

Bottom line. Returning to the true periodic table is no longer a scientific question, but a political question.

What was the main political meaning Einstein's teaching? It consisted of cutting off humanity’s access to inexhaustible natural sources of energy by any means, which were opened up by the study of the properties of the world ether. If successful on this path, the global financial oligarchy would lose power in this world, especially in the light of the retrospective of those years: the Rockefellers made an unimaginable fortune, exceeding the budget of the United States, on oil speculation, and the loss of the role of oil that occupied " black gold"in this world - the role of the lifeblood of the global economy - did not inspire them.

This did not inspire other oligarchs - the coal and steel kings. Thus, financial tycoon Morgan immediately stopped funding Nikola Tesla’s experiments when he came close to wireless energy transfer and extracting energy “out of nowhere” - from the world’s ether. After that, the owner of a huge number of technical solutions put into practice was not provided financial assistance no one - the solidarity of financial tycoons is like that of thieves in law and a phenomenal nose for where danger comes from. That is why against humanity and a sabotage was carried out under the name “Special Theory of Relativity”.

One of the first blows came to Dmitry Mendeleev’s table, in which ether was the first number; it was thoughts about ether that gave birth to Mendeleev’s brilliant insight - his periodic table of elements.

6. Argumentum ad rem

What is now presented in schools and universities under the title “Periodic Table of Chemical Elements D.I. Mendeleev,” is an outright falsity.

The last time the real Periodic Table was published in an undistorted form was in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry”, VIII edition). And only after 96 years of oblivion, the original Periodic Table rises for the first time from the ashes thanks to the publication of a dissertation in the journal ZhRFM of the Russian Physical Society.

After the sudden death of D.I. Mendeleev and the passing away of his faithful scientific colleagues in the Russian Physico-Chemical Society, the son of D.I. Mendeleev’s friend and colleague in the Society, Boris Nikolaevich Menshutkin, first raised his hand to Mendeleev’s immortal creation. Of course, Menshutkin did not act alone - he only carried out the order. After all, the new paradigm of relativism required the abandonment of the idea of ​​the world ether; and therefore this requirement was elevated to the rank of dogma, and the work of D.I. Mendeleev was falsified.

The main distortion of the Table is the transfer of the “zero group” of the Table to its end, to the right, and the introduction of the so-called. "periods". We emphasize that such (only at first glance, harmless) manipulation is logically explainable only as a conscious elimination of the main methodological link in Mendeleev’s discovery: the periodic system of elements at its beginning, source, i.e. in the upper left corner of the Table, must have a zero group and a zero row, where the element “X” is located (according to Mendeleev - “Newtonium”), - i.e. world broadcast.
Moreover, being the only system-forming element of the entire Table of Derived Elements, this element “X” is the argument of the entire Periodic Table. The transfer of the zero group of the Table to its end destroys the very idea of ​​this fundamental principle of the entire system of elements according to Mendeleev.

To confirm the above, we will give the floor to D.I. Mendeleev himself.

“... If the argon analogues do not give compounds at all, then it is obvious that it is impossible to include any of the groups of previously known elements, and for them a special group zero should be opened... This position of argon analogues in the zero group is a strictly logical consequence of understanding the periodic law, and therefore (the placement in group VIII is clearly incorrect) was accepted not only by me, but also by Braizner, Piccini and others... Now, when it has become beyond the slightest doubt that before that group I, in which hydrogen should be placed, there exists a zero group, whose representatives have atomic weights less than those of group I elements, it seems to me impossible to deny the existence of elements lighter than hydrogen.

This element “y”, however, is necessary in order to mentally get close to that most important, and therefore most rapidly moving element “x”, which, in my understanding, can be considered ether. I would like to tentatively call it “Newtonium” - in honor of the immortal Newton... The problem of gravitation and the problem of all energy (!!! - V. Rodionov) cannot be imagined to be really solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world medium that transmits energy over distances. A real understanding of the ether cannot be achieved by ignoring its chemistry and not considering it an elementary substance; elementary substances are now unthinkable without their subordination to periodic law” (“An Attempt at a Chemical Understanding of the World Ether.” 1905, p. 27).

“These elements, according to the magnitude of their atomic weights, took a precise place between the halides and the alkali metals, as Ramsay showed in 1900. From these elements it is necessary to form a special zero group, which was first recognized by Errere in Belgium in 1900. I consider it useful to add here that, directly judging by the inability to combine elements of group zero, analogues of argon should be placed before elements of group 1 and, in the spirit of the periodic system, expect a lower atomic weight for them than for alkali metals.

This is exactly what it turned out to be. And if so, then this circumstance, on the one hand, serves as confirmation of the correctness of the periodic principles, and on the other hand, clearly shows the relationship of argon analogs to other previously known elements. As a result, it is possible to apply the analyzed principles even more widely than before, and expect elements of the zero series with atomic weights much lower than those of hydrogen.

Thus, it can be shown that in the first row, first before hydrogen, there is an element of the zero group with an atomic weight of 0.4 (perhaps this is Yong’s coronium), and in the zero row, in the zero group, there is a limiting element with an negligibly small atomic weight, not capable of chemical interactions and, as a result, possessing extremely fast partial (gas) movement of its own.

These properties, perhaps, should be attributed to the atoms of the all-pervading (!!! - V. Rodionov) world ether. I indicated this idea in the preface to this publication and in a Russian journal article of 1902...” (“Fundamentals of Chemistry.” VIII ed., 1906, p. 613 et seq.)
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From the comments:

For chemistry, the modern periodic table of elements is sufficient.

The role of ether can be useful in nuclear reactions, but this is not very significant.
Taking into account the influence of ether is closest to the phenomena of isotope decay. However, this accounting is extremely complex and the presence of patterns is not accepted by all scientists.

The simplest proof of the presence of ether: The phenomenon of annihilation of a positron-electron pair and the emergence of this pair from a vacuum, as well as the impossibility of catching an electron at rest. Also the electromagnetic field and a complete analogy between photons in a vacuum and sound waves - phonons in crystals.

Ether is differentiated matter, so to speak, atoms in a disassembled state, or more correctly, elementary particles from which future atoms are formed. Therefore, it has no place in the periodic table, since the logic of constructing this system does not imply the inclusion of non-integral structures, which are the atoms themselves. Otherwise, it is possible to find a place for quarks, somewhere in the minus first period.
The ether itself has a more complex multi-level structure of manifestation in world existence than modern science knows about. As soon as she reveals the first secrets of this elusive ether, then new engines for all kinds of machines will be invented on completely new principles.
Indeed, Tesla was perhaps the only one who was close to solving the mystery of the so-called ether, but he was deliberately prevented from realizing his plans. So, to this day, the genius who will continue the work of the great inventor and tell us all what the mysterious ether actually is and on what pedestal it can be placed has not yet been born.

Ether in the periodic table

The periodic table of chemical elements officially taught in schools and universities is a falsification. Mendeleev himself, in his work entitled “An Attempt at a Chemical Understanding of the World Ether,” gave a slightly different table (Polytechnic Museum, Moscow):

The last time the real Periodic Table was published in an undistorted form was in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry”, VIII edition). The differences are visible: the zero group has been moved to the 8th, and the element lighter than hydrogen, with which the table should begin and which is conventionally called Newtonium (ether), is completely excluded.

The same table was immortalized by the “bloody tyrant” Comrade. Stalin in St. Petersburg, Moskovsky Avenue. 19. VNIIM im. D. I. Mendeleeva (All-Russian Research Institute of Metrology)

Monument-table Periodic table of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev made mosaics under the guidance of Professor of the Academy of Arts V.A. Frolov (architectural design by Krichevsky). The monument is based on a table from the last lifetime 8th edition (1906) of Fundamentals of Chemistry by D.I. Mendeleev. Elements discovered during the life of D.I. Mendeleev are indicated in red. Elements discovered from 1907 to 1934 , indicated in blue. The height of the monument-table is 9 m. The total area is 69 sq. m. m

Why and how did it happen that they lie to us so openly?

The place and role of the world ether in the true table of D.I. Mendeleev

1. Suprema lex – salus populi

Many have heard about Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev and about the “Periodic Law of Changes in the Properties of Chemical Elements in Groups and Series” that he discovered in the 19th century (1869) (the author’s name for the table is “Periodic System of Elements in Groups and Series”).

Many have also heard that D.I. Mendeleev was the organizer and permanent leader (1869-1905) of the Russian public scientific association called “Russian Chemical Society” (since 1872 - “Russian Physico-Chemical Society”), which throughout its existence published the world-famous journal ZhRFKhO, until until the liquidation of both the Society and its journal by the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1930.

But few people know that D.I. Mendeleev was one of the last world-famous Russian scientists of the late 19th century who defended in world science the idea of ​​ether as a universal substantial entity, who gave it fundamental scientific and applied significance in revealing the secrets of Being and for improving the economic life of people.

There are even fewer who know that after the sudden (!!?) death of D.I. Mendeleev (01/27/1907), then recognized as an outstanding scientist by all scientific communities around the world except the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, his main discovery - the “Periodic Law” - was deliberately and widely falsified by world academic science.

And there are very few who know that all of the above is connected together by the thread of sacrificial service of the best representatives and bearers of the immortal Russian Physical Thought for the good of the people, the public benefit, despite the growing wave of irresponsibility in the highest strata of society of that time.

In essence, the present dissertation is devoted to the comprehensive development of the last thesis, because in true science, any neglect of essential factors always leads to false results. So, the question is: why do scientists lie?

2. Psy-faktor: ni foi, ni loi

It is only now, from the end of the 20th century, that society is beginning to understand (and even then timidly) from practical examples that an outstanding and highly qualified, but irresponsible, cynical, immoral scientist with a “world name” is no less dangerous for people than an outstanding, but an immoral politician, military man, lawyer or best case scenario- an “outstanding” highway bandit.

Society was instilled with the idea that the world's academic scientific community is a caste of celestial beings, monks, holy fathers who care day and night about the welfare of peoples. And mere mortals must simply look their benefactors in the mouth, meekly financing and implementing all their “scientific” projects, forecasts and instructions for reorganizing their public and private lives.

In fact, the criminal element in the world scientific community is no less than among the same politicians. In addition, criminal, anti-social acts of politicians are most often visible immediately, but the criminal and harmful, but “scientifically based” activities of “prominent” and “authoritative” scientists are not recognized by society immediately, but after years, or even decades , in his own “public skin”.

Let us continue our study of this extremely interesting (and secret!) psychophysiological factor of scientific activity (let’s call it the psi-factor), as a result of which a posteriori an unexpected (?!) negative result is obtained: “we wanted what was best for people, but it turned out as always, those. to the detriment." Indeed, in science, a negative result is also a result that certainly requires comprehensive scientific understanding.

Considering the correlation between the psi factor and the main objective function (BTF) of the state funding body, we come to an interesting conclusion: the so-called pure, big science of past centuries has by now degenerated into a caste of untouchables, i.e. into a closed box of court healers who have brilliantly mastered the science of deception, brilliantly mastered the science of persecuting dissidents and the science of subservience to their powerful financiers.

It is necessary to keep in mind that, firstly, in all so-called “civilized countries” their so-called. “national academies of sciences” formally have the status of state organizations with the rights of the leading scientific expert body of the relevant government. Secondly, all these national academies of sciences are united among themselves into a single rigid hierarchical structure (the real name of which the world does not know), which develops a single strategy for behavior in the world for all national academies of sciences and a single so-called a scientific paradigm, the core of which is not the revelation of the laws of existence, but the psi factor: by carrying out the so-called “scientific” cover (for the sake of credibility) as “court healers” of all the unseemly acts of those in power in the eyes of society, to gain the glory of priests and prophets, influencing, like a demiurge, the very course of human history.

Everything stated above in this section, including the term “psi factor” that we introduced, was predicted with great accuracy and justification by D.I. Mendeleev more than 100 years ago (see, for example, his analytical article of 1882 “What kind of Academy is needed in Russia?”, in which Dmitry Ivanovich actually gives a detailed description of the psi factor and in which they proposed a program for the radical reorganization of the closed scientific corporation of members of the Russian Academy Sciences who viewed the Academy solely as a feeding trough to satisfy their selfish interests.

In one of his letters 100 years ago to Kyiv University professor P.P. Alekseev D.I. Mendeleev openly admitted that he was “ready to incense himself to smoke the devil out, in other words, to transform the foundations of the academy into something new, Russian, his own, suitable for everyone in general and, in particular, for the scientific movement in Russia.”

As we see, a truly great scientist, citizen and patriot of his homeland is capable of even the most complex long-term scientific forecasts. Let's now consider historical aspect changes in this psi factor, discovered by D.I. Mendeleev at the end of the 19th century.

3. Fin de siècle

Since the second half of the 19th century in Europe, on the wave of “liberalism,” there has been a rapid numerical growth of the intelligentsia, scientific and technical personnel and a quantitative increase in the theories, ideas and scientific and technical projects offered by these personnel to society.

By the end of the 19th century, competition for “a place in the sun” sharply intensified among them, i.e. for titles, honors and awards, and as a consequence of this competition - polarization increased scientific personnel according to moral criteria. This contributed to the explosive activation of the psi factor.

The revolutionary enthusiasm of young, ambitious and unprincipled scientists and intelligentsia, intoxicated by their quick learning and the impatient desire to become famous at any cost in the scientific world, paralyzed not only representatives of a more responsible and more honest circle of scientists, but also the entire scientific community as a whole, with its infrastructure and established traditions that previously counteracted the unbridled growth of the psi factor.

Revolutionary intellectuals of the 19th century, overthrowers of thrones and government systems in European countries, extended the gangster methods of their ideological and political struggle against the “old order” with the help of bombs, revolvers, poisons and conspiracies) also into the field of scientific and technical activity. In student classrooms, laboratories and scientific symposiums, they ridiculed supposedly outdated common sense, supposedly outdated concepts formal logic- consistency of judgments, their validity. Thus, at the beginning of the 20th century, instead of the method of persuasion, the method of total suppression of one’s opponents, through mental, physical and moral violence against them, entered the fashion of scientific debates (or rather, burst in with a squeal and roar). At the same time, naturally, the value of the psi factor reached extremely high level, having experienced its extreme in the 30s.

As a result, at the beginning of the 20th century, the “enlightened” intelligentsia, in fact, violently, i.e. revolutionary, in a way that replaced the truly scientific paradigm of humanism, enlightenment and social benefit in natural science with its own paradigm of permanent relativism, giving it the pseudoscientific form of the theory of universal relativity (cynicism!).

The first paradigm relied on experience and its comprehensive assessment for the search for truth, the search for and understanding of the objective laws of nature. The second paradigm emphasized hypocrisy and unscrupulousness; and not to search for objective laws of nature, but for the sake of their own selfish group interests to the detriment of society. The first paradigm worked for the public benefit, while the second did not imply this.

From the 1930s to the present, the psi factor has stabilized, remaining an order of magnitude higher than its value in the early and mid-19th century.

For a more objective and clear assessment of the real, and not mythical, contribution of the activities of the world scientific community (represented by all national academies of sciences) to the public and privacy people, let us introduce the concept of normalized psi factor.

The normalized value of the psi factor, equal to one, corresponds to a one hundred percent probability of obtaining such a negative result (i.e. such social harm) from the introduction into practice of scientific developments that were declared a priori positive result(i.e. a certain social benefit) for a single historical period of time (the change of one generation of people, about 25 years), during which all of humanity completely dies or degenerates in no more than 25 years from the moment of the introduction of a certain block of scientific programs.

4. Kill with kindness

The cruel and dirty victory of relativism and militant atheism in the mentality of the world scientific community at the beginning of the 20th century is the main cause of all human ills in this “atomic”, “cosmic” century of so-called “scientific and technological progress”. Let's look back - what more evidence do we need today to understand the obvious: in the 20th century there was not a single socially beneficial act of the worldwide brotherhood of scientists in the field of natural and social sciences that would strengthen the population of Homo sapiens, phylogenetically and morally. But there is just the opposite: merciless mutilation, destruction and destruction of the psycho-somatic nature of man, healthy image his life and his habitat under various plausible pretexts.

At the very beginning of the 20th century, all key academic positions in managing the progress of research, topics, financing of scientific and technical activities, etc. were occupied by a “brotherhood of like-minded people” professing a dual religion of cynicism and selfishness. This is the drama of our time.

It was militant atheism and cynical relativism, through the efforts of its adherents, that entangled the consciousness of all, without exception, senior statesmen on our Planet. It was this two-headed fetish of anthropocentrism that gave birth to and introduced into the consciousness of millions the so-called scientific concept of the “universal principle of degradation of matter-energy,” i.e. the universal disintegration of previously emerged - no one knows how - objects in nature. In place of the absolute fundamental essence (the universal substantial environment), a pseudoscientific chimera of the universal principle of energy degradation, with its mythical attribute - “entropy”, was put.

5. Littera contra littere

According to the ideas of such luminaries of the past as Leibniz, Newton, Torricelli, Lavoisier, Lomonosov, Ostrogradsky, Faraday, Maxwell, Mendeleev, Umov, J. Thomson, Kelvin, G. Hertz, Pirogov, Timiryazev, Pavlov, Bekhterev and many, many others - World environment is an absolute fundamental essence (= substance of the world = world ether = all matter of the Universe = “quintessence” of Aristotle), which fills isotropically and without remainder the entire infinite world space and is the Source and Carrier of all types of energy in nature - indestructible “forces of motion” , "forces of action".

In contrast to this, according to the currently dominant view in world science, the mathematical fiction “entropy” is proclaimed to be an absolute fundamental essence, and also some “information”, which the world’s academic luminaries, in all seriousness, recently proclaimed so-called. “Universal fundamental essence”, without bothering to give this new term a detailed definition.

According to the scientific paradigm of the former, harmony and order of the eternal life of the Universe reigns in the world, through constant local updates (a series of deaths and births) of individual material formations of different scales.

According to the pseudoscientific paradigm of the latter, the world, once created in an incomprehensible way, is moving into the abyss of general degradation, equalization of temperatures towards general, universal death under the vigilant control of a certain World supercomputer, which owns and disposes of some “information”.

Some see around them the triumph of eternal life, while others see around them decay and death, controlled by a certain World Information Bank.

The struggle of these two diametrically opposed worldview concepts for dominance in the minds of millions of people is central point biographies of humanity. And the stakes in this struggle are of the highest degree.

And it is absolutely no coincidence that the entire 20th century, the world scientific establishment is busy introducing (supposedly as the only possible and promising) fuel energy, the theory of explosives, synthetic poisons and drugs, toxic substances, genetic engineering with the cloning of biorobots, with the degeneration of the human race to the level of primitive oligophrenics, downs and psychopaths. And these programs and plans are now not even hidden from the public.

The truth of life is this: the most prosperous and globally powerful spheres of human activity, created in the 20th century according to the latest scientific thought, were: pornography, drug, pharmaceutical business, arms trade, including global information and psychotronic technologies. Their share in the global volume of all financial flows significantly exceeds 50%.

Further. Having disfigured nature on Earth for 1.5 centuries, the world academic fraternity is now in a hurry to “colonize” and “conquer” the near-Earth space, having intentions and scientific projects of turning this space into a garbage dump for their “high” technologies. These gentlemen academicians are literally bursting with the coveted satanic idea of ​​managing the circumsolar space, and not just on Earth.

Thus, the foundation of the paradigm of the world academic brotherhood of free masons is based on the stone of extremely subjective idealism (anthropocentrism), and the very building of their so-called scientific paradigm is based on permanent and cynical relativism and militant atheism.

But the pace of true progress is inexorable. And, just as all life on Earth reaches out to the Sun, so the minds of a certain part of modern scientists and natural scientists, not burdened by the clan interests of the universal brotherhood, reach out to the sun. eternal Life, eternal movement in the Universe, through knowledge of the fundamental truths of Existence and the search for the main target function of the existence and evolution of the species xomo sapiens. Now, having considered the nature of the psi factor, let’s take a look at Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev’s Table.

6. Argumentum ad rem

What is now presented in schools and universities under the title “Periodic Table of Chemical Elements D.I. Mendeleev” is an outright fake.

The last time the real Periodic Table was published in an undistorted form was in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry”, VIII edition).

And only after 96 years of oblivion, the original Periodic Table rises for the first time from the ashes thanks to the publication of this dissertation in the journal ZhRFM of the Russian Physical Society. Genuine, unfalsified Table D.I. Mendeleev “Periodic table of elements by groups and series” (D. I. Mendeleev. Fundamentals of Chemistry. VIII edition, St. Petersburg, 1906)

After the sudden death of D.I. Mendeleev and the passing of his faithful scientific colleagues in the Russian Physico-Chemical Society, for the first time he raised his hand to Mendeleev’s immortal creation - the son of his friend and colleague D.I. Mendeleev's Society - Boris Nikolaevich Menshutkin. Of course, that Boris Nikolaevich also did not act alone - he only carried out the order. After all, the new paradigm of relativism required the rejection of the idea of ​​a world ether; and therefore this requirement was elevated to the rank of dogma, and the work of D.I. Mendeleev was falsified.

The main distortion of the Table is the transfer of the “zero group”. The tables are at the end, to the right, and the introduction of the so-called. "periods". We emphasize that such (only at first glance, harmless) manipulation is logically explainable only as a conscious elimination of the main methodological link in Mendeleev’s discovery: the periodic system of elements at its beginning, source, i.e. in the upper left corner of the Table, must have a zero group and a zero row, where the element “X” is located (according to Mendeleev - “Newtonium”), i.e. world broadcast.

Moreover, being the only system-forming element of the entire Table of Derived Elements, this element “X” is the argument of the entire Periodic Table. The transfer of the zero group of the Table to its end destroys the very idea of ​​this fundamental principle of the entire system of elements according to Mendeleev.

To confirm the above, we will give the floor to D.I. Mendeleev himself.

“...If argon analogues do not give compounds at all, then it is obvious that it is impossible to include any of the groups of previously known elements, and for them a special group zero should be opened... This position of argon analogues in the zero group is a strictly logical consequence of the understanding periodic law, and therefore (the placement in group VIII is clearly incorrect) was accepted not only by me, but also by Braizner, Piccini and others...

Now, when it has become beyond the slightest doubt that before that group I, in which hydrogen must be placed, there exists a zero group, the representatives of which have atomic weights less than those of the elements of group I, it seems to me impossible to deny the existence of elements lighter than hydrogen.

Of these, let us first pay attention to the element of the first row of the 1st group. We denote it by “y”. It will obviously have the fundamental properties of argon gases... “Coronium”, with a density of about 0.2 relative to hydrogen; and it cannot in any way be the world ether. This element “y”, however, is necessary in order to mentally get close to that most important, and therefore most rapidly moving element “x”, which, in my understanding, can be considered ether. I would like to tentatively call it “Newtonium” - in honor of the immortal Newton... The problem of gravitation and the problem of all energy (!!!) cannot be imagined to be really solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world medium that transmits energy over distances. A real understanding of the ether cannot be achieved by ignoring its chemistry and not considering it an elementary substance” (“An Attempt at a Chemical Understanding of the World Ether.” 1905, p. 27).

“These elements, according to the magnitude of their atomic weights, took a precise place between the halides and the alkali metals, as Ramsay showed in 1900. From these elements it is necessary to form a special zero group, which was first recognized by Errere in Belgium in 1900. I consider it useful to add here that, directly judging by the inability to combine elements of group zero, analogues of argon should be placed before (!!!) elements of group 1 and, in the spirit of the periodic system, expect a lower atomic weight for them than for alkali metals.

This is exactly what it turned out to be. And if so, then this circumstance, on the one hand, serves as confirmation of the correctness of the periodic principles, and on the other hand, clearly shows the relationship of argon analogs to other previously known elements. As a result, it is possible to apply the analyzed principles even more widely than before, and expect elements of the zero series with atomic weights much lower than those of hydrogen.

Thus, it can be shown that in the first row, first before hydrogen, there is an element of the zero group with an atomic weight of 0.4 (perhaps this is Yong’s coronium), and in the zero row, in the zero group, there is a limiting element with an negligibly small atomic weight, not capable of chemical interactions and, as a result, possessing extremely fast partial (gas) movement of its own.

These properties, perhaps, should be attributed to the atoms of the all-pervading (!!!) world ether. I indicated this idea in the preface to this publication and in a Russian journal article of 1902...” (“Fundamentals of Chemistry.” VIII ed., 1906, p. 613 et seq.).

7. Punctum soliens

The following clearly follows from these quotes.

1. Elements of the zero group begin each row of other elements, located on the left side of the Table, “... which is a strictly logical consequence of understanding the periodic law” - Mendeleev.
2. A particularly important and even exclusive place in the sense of the periodic law belongs to the element “x” - “Newtonium” - the world ether. And this special element should be located at the very beginning of the entire Table, in the so-called “zero group of the zero row”. Moreover, being a system-forming element (more precisely, a system-forming essence) of all elements of the Periodic Table, the world ether is a substantial argument for the entire diversity of elements of the Periodic Table. The Table itself, in this regard, acts as a closed functional of this very argument.

Now let's turn to the works of the first falsifiers of the Periodic Table.

8. Corpus delicti

In order to erase from the consciousness of all subsequent generations of scientists the idea of ​​​​the exclusive role of the world ether (and this was precisely what the new paradigm of relativism required), the elements of the zero group were specially transferred from the left side of the Periodic Table to the right side, shifting the corresponding elements a row lower and combining the zero group with the so-called "eighth". Of course, there was no place left for either element “y” or element “x” in the falsified table.

But even this was not enough for the relativist brotherhood. Exactly the opposite, the fundamental thought of D.I. is distorted. Mendeleev about the particularly important role of the world ether. In particular, in the preface to the first falsified version of the Periodic Law by D.I. Mendeleev, without any embarrassment, B.M. Menshutkin states that Mendeleev allegedly always opposed the special role of the world ether in natural processes. Here is an excerpt from an article by B.N., unparalleled in its cynicism. Menshutkina:

“Thus (?!) we return again to that view, against which (?!) always (?!!!) D. I. Mendeleev opposed, which from the most ancient times existed among philosophers who considered all visible and known substances and bodies composed of the same primary substance of the Greek philosophers (“proteule” of the Greek philosophers, prima materia of the Romans). This hypothesis has always found adherents due to its simplicity and in the teachings of philosophers it was called the hypothesis of the unity of matter or the hypothesis of unitary matter" (B.N. Menshutkin. “D.I. Mendeleev. Periodic Law.” Edited and with an article on the current situation of the periodic law by B.N. Menshutkin. State Publishing House, M-L., 1926).

9. In rerum nature

Assessing the views of D.I. Mendeleev and his unscrupulous opponents, it is necessary to note the following.

Most likely, Mendeleev unwittingly made a mistake in the fact that the “world ether” is an “elementary substance” (i.e., a “chemical element” - in the modern sense of the term). Most likely, the “world ether” is a true substance; and as such, in the strict sense, is not a “substance”; and it does not possess “elementary chemistry”, i.e. does not have “extremely low atomic weight” with “extremely fast intrinsic partial motion.”

Let D.I. Mendeleev was mistaken about the “materiality” and “chemistry” of the ether. In the end, this is a terminological miscalculation of a great scientist; and in his time this is excusable, because at that time these terms were still quite vague, just entering scientific circulation. But something else is completely clear: Dmitry Ivanovich was absolutely right in that the “world ether” is an all-forming essence - the quintessence, the substance from which the entire world of things (the material world) consists and in which all material formations reside. Dmitry Ivanovich is also right that this substance transmits energy over distances and does not have any chemical activity. The latter circumstance only confirms our idea that D.I. Mendeleev deliberately singled out the element “x” as an exceptional entity.

So, “world ether”, i.e. the substance of the Universe is isotropic, has no partial structure, but is the absolute (i.e., the ultimate, fundamental, fundamental universal) essence of the Universe, the Universe. And precisely because, as D.I. correctly noted. Mendeleev, - the world ether is “not capable of chemical interactions”, and therefore is not a “chemical element”, i.e. “elementary substance” - in the modern sense of these terms.

Dmitry Ivanovich was also right that the world ether is a carrier of energy over distances. Let's say more: the world ether, as the substance of the World, is not only a carrier, but also a “guardian” and “carrier” of all types of energy (“forces of action”) in nature.

From time immemorial D.I. Mendeleev is echoed by another outstanding scientist, Torricelli (1608 - 1647): “Energy is the quintessence of such a subtle nature that it cannot be contained in any other vessel except in the innermost substance of material things.”

So, according to Mendeleev and Torricelli world broadcast is the innermost substance of material things. That is why Mendeleev’s “Newtonium” is not just in the zero row of the zero group of his periodic system, but this is a kind of “crown” of his entire table of chemical elements. The crown, which forms all the chemical elements in the world, i.e. all matter. This Crown (“Mother”, “Matter-substance” of any substance) is the Natural environment, set in motion and encouraged to change - according to our calculations - by another (second) absolute essence, which we called the “Substantial flow of primary fundamental information about forms and ways of movement of Matter in the Universe." More details about this can be found in the journal “Russian Thought”, 1-8, 1997, pp. 28-31.

We chose “O”, zero, as the mathematical symbol of the world ether, and “womb” as the semantic symbol. In its turn mathematical symbol We chose “1”, one, for the substantial flow, and “one” for the semantic flow. Thus, based on the above symbolism, it becomes possible to succinctly express in one mathematical expression the totality of all possible forms and methods of movement of matter in nature:

This expression mathematically defines the so-called. an open interval of intersection of two sets - set “O” and set “1”, while the semantic definition of this expression is “one in the bosom” or otherwise: The substantial flow of primary fundamental information about the forms and methods of movement of Matter-substance completely permeates this Matter-substance, i.e. world broadcast.

In religious doctrines, this “open interval” is clothed in the figurative form of the Universal act of God’s creation of all matter in the World from Matter-Substance, with Which He continuously remains in a state of fruitful copulation.

The author of this article is aware that this mathematical construction was once inspired by him, again, strange as it may seem, by the ideas of the unforgettable D.I. Mendeleev, expressed by him in his works (see, for example, the article “An attempt at a chemical understanding of the world ether”). Now it is time to summarize our research outlined in this dissertation.

10. Errata: ferro et igni

The categorical and cynical disregard by world science of the place and role of the world ether in natural processes (and in the Periodic Table!) has precisely given rise to the whole gamut of problems for humanity in our technocratic age.

The main one of these problems is fuel and energy.

It is precisely ignoring the role of the world ether that allows scientists to make a false (and at the same time crafty) conclusion that a person can only produce useful energy for his daily needs by burning, i.e. irreversibly destroying the substance (fuel). Hence the false thesis that the current fuel energy industry has no real alternative. And if so, then, supposedly, there is only one thing left: to produce nuclear (ecologically the dirtiest!) energy and gas-oil-coal production, littering and poisoning immeasurably our own habitat.

It is precisely ignoring the role of the world ether that pushes all modern nuclear scientists to a crafty search for “salvation” in the splitting of atoms and elementary particles on special expensive synchrotron accelerators. In the course of these monstrous and extremely dangerous experiments, they want to discover and subsequently use the so-called “for the good”. “quark-gluon plasma”, according to their false ideas - as if “pre-matter” (the term of the nuclear scientists themselves), according to their false cosmological theory of the so-called. "Big Bang of the Universe."

It is worthy of note, according to our calculations, that if this so-called. “the most secret dream of all modern nuclear physicists” is inadvertently achieved, then this will most likely be a man-made end of all life on earth and the end of planet earth itself - truly a “Big Bang” on a global scale, but not just for fun, but for real.

Therefore, it is necessary to stop as quickly as possible this crazy experimentation of world academic science, which is struck from head to toe by the poison of the psi factor and which, it seems, does not even imagine the possible catastrophic consequences of these crazy parascientific undertakings.

D.I. Mendeleev turned out to be right: “The problem of gravity and the problems of all energy cannot be imagined to be really solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world medium that transmits energy over distances.”

D.I. Mendeleev was also right in that “someday they will realize that entrusting the affairs of a given industry to the people who live in it does not lead to the best results, although it is useful to listen to such persons.”

“The main meaning of what has been said is that general, eternal and lasting interests often do not coincide with personal and temporary ones, they even often contradict one another, and, in my opinion, one should prefer - if it is no longer possible to reconcile - the first rather than the second. This is the drama of our time.” D. I. Mendeleev. “Thoughts for the knowledge of Russia.” 1906

So, the world ether is the substance of every chemical element and, therefore, of every substance, it is the Absolute true matter as the Universal element-forming Essence.

The world ether is the source and crown of the entire genuine Periodic Table, its beginning and end - alpha and omega of the Periodic Table of Elements of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.

Instructions

The periodic table is a multi-story “house” in which it is located a large number of apartments Each “tenant” or in his own own apartment under a certain number, which is permanent. In addition, the element has a “surname” or name, such as oxygen, boron or nitrogen. In addition to this data, each “apartment” contains information such as relative atomic mass, which may have exact or rounded values.

As in any house, there are “entrances”, namely groups. Moreover, in groups the elements are located on the left and right, forming. Depending on which side there are more of them, that side is called the main one. The other subgroup, accordingly, will be secondary. The table also has “floors” or periods. Moreover, periods can be both large (consist of two rows) and small (have only one row).

The table shows the structure of an atom of an element, each of which has a positively charged nucleus consisting of protons and neutrons, as well as negatively charged electrons rotating around it. The number of protons and electrons is numerically the same and is determined in the table by the serial number of the element. For example, the chemical element sulfur is #16, therefore it will have 16 protons and 16 electrons.

To determine the number of neutrons (neutral particles also located in the nucleus), subtract its atomic number from the relative atomic mass of the element. For example, iron has a relative atomic mass of 56 and an atomic number of 26. Therefore, 56 – 26 = 30 protons for iron.

Electrons are located at different distances from the nucleus, forming electron levels. To determine the number of electronic (or energy) levels, you need to look at the number of the period in which the element is located. For example, it is in the 3rd period, therefore it will have 3 levels.

By the group number (but only for the main subgroup) you can determine the highest valence. For example, elements of the first group of the main subgroup (lithium, sodium, potassium, etc.) have a valence of 1. Accordingly, elements of the second group (beryllium, calcium, etc.) will have a valency of 2.

You can also use the table to analyze the properties of elements. From left to right, metallic, and non-metallic are amplified. This is clearly seen in the example of period 2: it begins with an alkali metal, then the alkaline earth metal magnesium, after it the element aluminum, then non-metals silicon, phosphorus, sulfur and the period ends with gaseous substances - chlorine and argon. In the next period, a similar dependence is observed.

From top to bottom, a pattern is also observed - metallic properties increase, and non-metallic properties weaken. That is, for example, cesium is much more active compared to sodium.

Helpful advice

For convenience, it is better to use the color version of the table.

Discovery of the periodic law and creation of an ordered system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev became the apogee of the development of chemistry in the 19th century. The scientist summarized and systematized extensive knowledge about the properties of elements.

Instructions

In the 19th century there was no idea about the structure of the atom. Discovery by D.I. Mendeleev was only a generalization of experimental facts, but their physical meaning remained unclear for a long time. When the first data appeared on the structure of the nucleus and the distribution of electrons in atoms, it was possible to look at the law and system of elements in a new way. Table D.I. Mendeleev makes it possible to visually trace the properties of the elements found in.

Each element in the table is assigned a specific serial number (H - 1, Li - 2, Be - 3, etc.). This number corresponds to the nucleus (the number of protons in the nucleus) and the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus. The number of protons is thus equal to the number of electrons, which means that under normal conditions the atom is electrically .

The division into seven periods occurs according to the number of energy levels of the atom. Atoms of the first period have a single-level electron shell, the second - a two-level, the third - a three-level, etc. When a new energy level is filled, a new period begins.

The first elements of any period are characterized by atoms that have one electron at the outer level - these are alkali metal atoms. The periods end with noble gas atoms having an outer energy level completely filled with electrons: in the first period inert gases have 2 electrons, in subsequent ones - 8. It is precisely because of the similar structure of the electron shells that groups of elements have similar physics.

In the table D.I. Mendeleev has 8 main subgroups. This number is determined by the maximum possible number of electrons at the energy level.

At the bottom of the periodic table, lanthanides and actinides are distinguished as independent series.

Using the table D.I. Mendeleev, one can observe the periodicity of the following properties of elements: atomic radius, atomic volume; ionization potential; electron affinity forces; electronegativity of the atom; ; physical properties of potential compounds.

Clearly traceable periodicity of the arrangement of elements in the table D.I. Mendeleev is rationally explained by the sequential nature of filling energy levels with electrons.

Sources:

• Mendeleev table

Periodic law, which is the basis modern chemistry and explaining the patterns of changes in the properties of chemical elements, was discovered by D.I. Mendeleev in 1869. The physical meaning of this law is revealed by studying the complex structure of the atom.

In the 19th century, it was believed that atomic mass was the main characteristic of an element, so it was used to classify substances. Nowadays, atoms are defined and identified by the amount of charge on their nucleus (the number and atomic number on the periodic table). However, the atomic mass of elements, with some exceptions (for example, the atomic mass is less than the atomic mass of argon), increases in proportion to their nuclear charge.

With an increase in atomic mass, a periodic change in the properties of elements and their compounds is observed. These are the metallicity and non-metallicity of atoms, atomic radius, ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity, oxidation states, compounds (boiling points, melting points, density), their basicity, amphotericity or acidity.

How many elements are in the modern periodic table

The periodic table graphically expresses the law he discovered. The modern periodic table contains 112 chemical elements (the last ones are Meitnerium, Darmstadtium, Roentgenium and Copernicium). According to the latest data, the following 8 elements have also been discovered (up to 120 inclusive), but not all of them have received their names, and these elements are still few in any printed publications.

Each element occupies a specific cell in the periodic table and has its own serial number, corresponding to the charge of the nucleus of its atom.

How is the periodic table constructed?

The structure of the periodic table is represented by seven periods, ten rows and eight groups. Each period begins with an alkali metal and ends with a noble gas. The exceptions are the first period, which begins with hydrogen, and the seventh incomplete period.

Periods are divided into small and large. Small periods (first, second, third) consist of one horizontal row, large periods (fourth, fifth, sixth) - of two horizontal rows. The upper rows in large periods are called even, the lower rows are called odd.

In the sixth period of the table after (serial number 57) there are 14 elements similar in properties to lanthanum - lanthanides. They are listed at the bottom of the table as a separate line. The same applies to actinides located after actinium (with number 89) and largely repeating its properties.

The even rows of large periods (4, 6, 8, 10) are filled only with metals.

Elements in groups exhibit the same valency in oxides and other compounds, and this valency corresponds to the group number. The main ones contain elements of small and large periods, only large ones. From top to bottom they strengthen, non-metallic ones weaken. All atoms of side subgroups are metals.

Tip 4: Selenium as a chemical element on the periodic table

The chemical element selenium belongs to group VI of the periodic table of Mendeleev, it is a chalcogen. Natural selenium consists of six stable isotopes. There are also 16 radioactive isotopes of selenium known.

Instructions

Selenium is considered a very rare and trace element; it migrates vigorously in the biosphere, forming more than 50 minerals. The most famous of them are: berzelianite, naumannite, native selenium and chalcomenite.

Selenium is found in volcanic sulfur, galena, pyrite, bismuthin and other sulfides. It is mined from lead, copper, nickel and other ores, in which it is found in a dispersed state.

The tissues of most living beings contain from 0.001 to 1 mg/kg; some plants, marine organisms and fungi concentrate it. For a number of plants, selenium is an essential element. The need for humans and animals is 50-100 mcg/kg of food; this element has antioxidant properties, affects many enzymatic reactions and increases the sensitivity of the retina to light.

Selenium can exist in various allotropic modifications: amorphous (vitreous, powdery and colloidal selenium), as well as crystalline. By reducing selenium from a solution of selenous acid or by rapidly cooling its vapor, red powdered and colloidal selenium is obtained.

When any modification of this chemical element is heated above 220°C and subsequently cooled, glassy selenium is formed; it is fragile and has a glassy luster.

The most thermally stable is hexagonal gray selenium, the lattice of which is built from spiral chains of atoms located parallel to each other. It is produced by heating other forms of selenium until melting and slowly cooling to 180-210°C. Within hexagonal selenium chains, the atoms are bonded covalently.

Selenium is stable in air, it is not affected by: oxygen, water, diluted sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, however, it dissolves well in nitric acid. Interacting with metals, selenium forms selenides. There are many known complex compounds of selenium, all of them are poisonous.

Selenium is obtained from paper or production waste by electrolytic refining of copper. This element is present in sludge along with heavy metals, sulfur and tellurium. To extract it, the sludge is filtered, then heated with concentrated sulfuric acid or subjected to oxidative roasting at a temperature of 700°C.

Selenium is used in the production of rectifying semiconductor diodes and other converter equipment. In metallurgy, it is used to give steel a fine-grained structure and also improve its mechanical properties. In the chemical industry, selenium is used as a catalyst.

Sources:

• HiMiK.ru, Selen

Calcium is a chemical element belonging to the second subgroup of the periodic table with the symbol Ca and an atomic mass of 40.078 g/mol. It is a fairly soft and reactive alkaline earth metal with silver color.

Instructions

From Latin, “” is translated as “lime” or “soft stone”, and it owes its discovery to the Englishman Humphry Davy, who in 1808 was able to isolate calcium using the electrolytic method. The scientist then took a mixture of wet slaked lime, “flavored” with mercuric oxide, and subjected it to the process of electrolysis on a platinum plate, which appeared in the experiment as an anode. The cathode was a wire that the chemist immersed in liquid mercury. It is also interesting that calcium compounds such as limestone, marble and gypsum, as well as lime, were known to mankind many centuries before Davy’s experiment, during which scientists believed some of them to be simple and independent bodies. It was not until 1789 that the Frenchman Lavoisier published a work in which he suggested that lime, silica, barite and alumina are complex substances.

Calcium has a high degree of chemical activity, due to which it pure form practically never found in nature. But scientists estimate that this element accounts for about 3.38% of the total mass of the entire earth's crust, making calcium fifth most abundant after oxygen, silicon, aluminum and iron. There is this element in sea ​​water– about 400 mg per liter. Calcium is also included in the composition of silicates of various rocks (for example, granite and gneisses). There is a lot of it in feldspar, chalk and limestones, consisting of the mineral calcite with the formula CaCO3. The crystalline form of calcium is marble. In total, through the migration of this element in the earth's crust, it forms 385 minerals.

The physical properties of calcium include its ability to exhibit valuable semiconducting abilities, although it does not become a semiconductor and a metal in the traditional sense of the word. This situation changes with a gradual increase in pressure, when calcium is given a metallic state and the ability to exhibit superconducting properties. Calcium easily interacts with oxygen, air moisture and carbon dioxide, which is why in laboratories this chemical element is kept tightly closed for work and chemist John Alexander Newland - however, the scientific community ignored his achievement. Newland's proposal was not taken seriously because of his search for harmony and the connection between music and chemistry.

Dmitri Mendeleev first published his periodic table in 1869 in the pages of the Journal of the Russian Chemical Society. The scientist also sent notices of his discovery to all the world's leading chemists, after which he repeatedly improved and refined the table until it became what it is known today. The essence of Dmitry Mendeleev's discovery was a periodic, rather than monotonous change chemical properties elements with increasing atomic mass. The final unification of the theory into the periodic law occurred in 1871.

Legends about Mendeleev

The most common legend is the discovery of the periodic table in a dream. The scientist himself has repeatedly ridiculed this myth, claiming that he had been coming up with the table for many years. According to another legend, Dmitry Mendeleev vodka - it appeared after the scientist defended his dissertation “Discourse on the combination of alcohol with water.”

Mendeleev is still considered by many to be the discoverer, who himself loved to create under an aqueous-alcohol solution. The scientist’s contemporaries often laughed at Mendeleev’s laboratory, which he set up in the hollow of a giant oak tree.

A separate reason for jokes, according to rumors, was Dmitry Mendeleev’s passion for weaving suitcases, which the scientist was engaged in while living in Simferopol. Later, he made crafts from cardboard for the needs of his laboratory, for which he was sarcastically called a master of suitcase making.

The periodic table, in addition to the ordering of chemical elements in unified system, made it possible to predict the discovery of many new elements. However, at the same time, scientists recognized some of them as non-existent, since they were incompatible with the concept. The most famous story at that time was the discovery of such new elements as coronium and nebulium.

Even at school, sitting in chemistry lessons, we all remember the table on the wall of the classroom or chemical laboratory. This table contained a classification of all chemical elements known to mankind, those fundamental components that make up the Earth and the entire Universe. Then we could not even think that Mendeleev table is undoubtedly one of the greatest scientific discoveries, which is the foundation of our modern knowledge of chemistry.

Periodic table of chemical elements by D. I. Mendeleev

At first glance, her idea looks deceptively simple: organize chemical elements in order of increasing weight of their atoms. Moreover, in most cases it turns out that the chemical and physical properties of each element are similar to the element preceding it in the table. This pattern appears for all elements except the very first few, simply because they do not have in front of them elements similar to them in atomic weight. It is thanks to the discovery of this property that we can place a linear sequence of elements in a table much like a wall calendar, and thus combine a huge number of types of chemical elements in a clear and coherent form. Of course, today we use the concept of atomic number (the number of protons) in order to order the system of elements. This helped solve the so-called technical problem of a “pair of permutations”, but did not lead to a fundamental change in the appearance of the periodic table.

IN periodic table all elements are ordered based on their atomic number, electronic configuration, and repeating chemical properties. The rows in the table are called periods, and the columns are called groups. The first table, dating back to 1869, contained only 60 elements, but now the table had to be enlarged to accommodate the 118 elements we know today.

Mendeleev's periodic table systematizes not only the elements, but also their most diverse properties. It is often enough for a chemist to have the Periodic Table in front of his eyes in order to correctly answer many questions (not only exam questions, but also scientific ones).

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Periodic law

There are two formulations periodic law chemical elements: classical and modern.

Classical, as presented by its discoverer D.I. Mendeleev: properties simple bodies, as well as the forms and properties of compounds of elements are periodically dependent on the values ​​of the atomic weights of the elements.

Modern: the properties of simple substances, as well as the properties and forms of compounds of elements, are periodically dependent on the charge of the nucleus of the atoms of the elements ( serial number) .

A graphic representation of the periodic law is the periodic system of elements, which represents natural classification chemical elements, based on regular changes in the properties of elements depending on the charges of their atoms. The most common images of the periodic table of elements are D.I. Mendeleev's forms are short and long.

Groups and periods of the Periodic Table

In groups are called vertical rows in the periodic table. In groups, elements are combined based on the highest oxidation state in their oxides. Each group consists of a main and secondary subgroup. The main subgroups include elements of small periods and elements of large periods with the same properties. Side subgroups consist only of elements of large periods. The chemical properties of the elements of the main and secondary subgroups vary significantly.

Period called a horizontal row of elements arranged in increasing order of atomic (atomic) numbers. There are seven periods in the periodic system: the first, second and third periods are called small, they contain 2, 8 and 8 elements, respectively; the remaining periods are called large: in the fourth and fifth periods there are 18 elements, in the sixth - 32, and in the seventh (not yet completed) - 31 elements. Each period, except the first, begins with an alkali metal and ends with a noble gas.

Physical meaning of the serial number chemical element: the number of protons in the atomic nucleus and the number of electrons rotating around the atomic nucleus are equal to the atomic number of the element.

Properties of the periodic table

Let us recall that groups are called vertical rows in the periodic table and the chemical properties of the elements of the main and secondary subgroups differ significantly.

The properties of elements in subgroups naturally change from top to bottom:

• metallic properties increase and non-metallic properties weaken;
• the atomic radius increases;
• the strength of bases and oxygen-free acids formed by the element increases;
• electronegativity decreases.

All elements except helium, neon and argon form oxygen compounds; there are only eight forms of oxygen compounds. In the periodic table they are often depicted general formulas, located under each group in increasing order of the oxidation state of the elements: R 2 O, RO, R 2 O 3, RO 2, R 2 O 5, RO 3, R 2 O 7, RO 4, where the symbol R denotes an element of this group. The formulas of higher oxides apply to all elements of the group, except in exceptional cases when the elements do not exhibit an oxidation state equal to the group number (for example, fluorine).

Oxides of the composition R 2 O exhibit strong basic properties, and their basicity increases with increasing atomic number; oxides of the composition RO (with the exception of BeO) exhibit basic properties. Oxides of the composition RO 2, R 2 O 5, RO 3, R 2 O 7 exhibit acidic properties, and their acidity increases with increasing atomic number.

The elements of the main subgroups, starting from group IV, form gaseous hydrogen compounds. There are four forms of such compounds. They are located under the elements of the main subgroups and are represented by general formulas in the sequence RH 4, RH 3, RH 2, RH.

RH 4 compounds are neutral in nature; RH 3 - weakly basic; RH 2 - slightly acidic; RH - strongly acidic character.

Let us recall that period called a horizontal row of elements arranged in increasing order of atomic (atomic) numbers.

Within a period with increasing element serial number:

• electronegativity increases;
• metallic properties decrease, non-metallic properties increase;
• the atomic radius decreases.

Elements of the periodic table

Alkali and alkaline earth elements

These include elements from the first and second groups of the periodic table. Alkali metals from the first group - soft metals, silver in color, easy to cut with a knife. They all have a single electron in their outer shell and react perfectly. Alkaline earth metals from the second group also have a silvery tint. Two electrons are placed at the outer level, and, accordingly, these metals interact less readily with other elements. Compared to alkali metals, alkaline earth metals melt and boil at higher temperatures.

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Lanthanides (rare earth elements) and actinides

Lanthanides- a group of elements originally found in rare minerals; hence their name "rare earth" elements. Subsequently, it turned out that these elements are not as rare as initially thought, and therefore the name lanthanides was given to rare earth elements. Lanthanides and actinides occupy two blocks, which are located under the main table of elements. Both groups include metals; all lanthanides (except promethium) are non-radioactive; actinides, on the contrary, are radioactive.

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Halogens and noble gases

The halogens and noble gases are grouped into groups 17 and 18 of the periodic table. Halogens are non-metallic elements, they all have seven electrons in their outer shell. IN noble gases All the electrons are in the outer shell, so they hardly participate in the formation of compounds. These gases are called “noble” gases because they rarely react with other elements; that is, they refer to members of a noble caste who have traditionally shunned other people in society.

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Transition metals

Transition metals occupy groups 3-12 in the periodic table. Most of them are dense, hard, with good electrical and thermal conductivity. Their valence electrons (with the help of which they are connected to other elements) are located in several electron shells.

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Metalloids

Metalloids occupy groups 13-16 of the periodic table. Metalloids such as boron, germanium and silicon are semiconductors and are used to make computer chips and circuit boards.

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Post-transition metals

The elements called post-transition metals, belong to groups 13-15 of the periodic table. Unlike metals, they do not have shine, but have a matte color. Compared to transition metals, post-transition metals are softer, have lower melting and boiling points, and higher electronegativity. Their valence electrons, with which they attach other elements, are located only on the outer electron shell. Post-transition metal group elements have much higher boiling points than metalloids.

Now consolidate your knowledge by watching a video about the periodic table and more.

Great, the first step on the path to knowledge has been taken. Now you are more or less oriented in the periodic table and this will be very useful to you, because the Periodic System of Mendeleev is the foundation on which this amazing science stands.

How to use the periodic table? For an uninitiated person, reading the periodic table is the same as for a gnome looking at the ancient runes of the elves. And the periodic table, by the way, if used correctly, can tell a lot about the world. In addition to serving you well in the exam, it is also simply irreplaceable in solving a huge number of chemical and physical problems. But how to read it? Fortunately, today everyone can learn this art. In this article we will tell you how to understand the periodic table.

The periodic table of chemical elements (Mendeleev's table) is a classification of chemical elements that establishes the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus.

History of the creation of the Table

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was not a simple chemist, if anyone thinks so. He was a chemist, physicist, geologist, metrologist, ecologist, economist, oil worker, aeronaut, instrument maker and teacher. During his life, the scientist managed to conduct a lot of fundamental research in various fields of knowledge. For example, it is widely believed that it was Mendeleev who calculated the ideal strength of vodka - 40 degrees. We don’t know how Mendeleev felt about vodka, but we know for sure that his dissertation on the topic “Discourse on the combination of alcohol with water” had nothing to do with vodka and considered alcohol concentrations from 70 degrees. With all the merits of the scientist, the discovery of the periodic law of chemical elements - one of the fundamental laws of nature, brought him the widest fame.

There is a legend according to which a scientist dreamed of the periodic table, after which all he had to do was refine the idea that had appeared. But, if everything were so simple.. This version of the creation of the periodic table, apparently, is nothing more than a legend. When asked how the table was opened, Dmitry Ivanovich himself answered: “ I’ve been thinking about it for maybe twenty years, but you think: I was sitting there and suddenly... it’s done.”

In the mid-nineteenth century, attempts to arrange the known chemical elements (63 elements were known) were undertaken in parallel by several scientists. For example, in 1862, Alexandre Emile Chancourtois placed elements along a helix and noted the cyclic repetition of chemical properties. Chemist and musician John Alexander Newlands proposed his version of the periodic table in 1866. An interesting fact is that the scientist tried to discover some kind of mystical musical harmony in the arrangement of the elements. Among other attempts, there was also Mendeleev’s attempt, which was crowned with success.

In 1869, the first table diagram was published, and March 1, 1869 is considered the day the periodic law was opened. The essence of Mendeleev's discovery was that the properties of elements with increasing atomic mass do not change monotonically, but periodically. The first version of the table contained only 63 elements, but Mendeleev made a number of very unconventional decisions. So, he guessed to leave space in the table for still undiscovered elements, and also changed the atomic masses of some elements. The fundamental correctness of the law derived by Mendeleev was confirmed very soon, after the discovery of gallium, scandium and germanium, the existence of which was predicted by the scientist.

Modern view of the periodic table

Below is the table itself

Today, instead of atomic weight (atomic mass), the concept of atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus) is used to order elements. The table contains 120 elements, which are arranged from left to right in order of increasing atomic number (number of protons)

The table columns represent so-called groups, and the rows represent periods. The table has 18 groups and 8 periods.

• The metallic properties of elements decrease when moving along a period from left to right, and increase in the opposite direction.
• The sizes of atoms decrease as they move from left to right along periods.
• As you move from top to bottom through the group, the reducing metal properties increase.
• Oxidizing and non-metallic properties increase when moving along a period from left to right I.

What do we learn about an element from the table? For example, let's take the third element in the table - lithium, and consider it in detail.

First of all, we see the element symbol itself and its name below it. In the upper left corner is the atomic number of the element, in which order the element is arranged in the table. The atomic number, as already mentioned, is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. The number of positive protons is usually equal to the number of negative electrons in an atom (with the exception of isotopes).

The atomic mass is indicated under the atomic number (in this version of the table). If we round the atomic mass to the nearest integer, we get what is called the mass number. Difference mass number and atomic number gives the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Thus, the number of neutrons in a helium nucleus is two, and in lithium it is four.

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