Astronomy lesson "Starry sky". Presentation “Starry sky Presentation on the topic starry sky celestial coordinates

What is astronomy??? Studies the structure of the Universe, movement, physical nature, origin and evolution of celestial bodies and the systems formed by them. Based primarily on observations. Almost all information about celestial bodies is brought to us by electromagnetic radiation. Only in the last 40 years have individual worlds begun to be studied directly: to probe the atmospheres of planets, to study lunar and Martian soil.

The word astronomy comes from two Greek words: a stron - star, nomos - law. The practical need to study the starry sky led to the emergence of science, which later received in Ancient Greece around the 4th century BC. name astronomy. But the name itself does not at all serve as proof of the origin and development of astronomy only in Ancient Greece. Astronomy arose and independently developed among literally all peoples, but the degree of its development, naturally, was directly dependent on the level of productive forces and culture of the peoples.

Applicability Astronomy is closely related to other sciences, primarily physics and mathematics. But astronomy is also an indispensable testing ground. Space is the only place where matter exists at temperatures of hundreds of millions of degrees and almost at absolute zero, in the void of vacuum and in neutron stars. Nowadays there is no longer any need to determine the course of a ship by the stars, predict the flooding of the Nile, or count time using an hourglass: astronomy has been replaced by technical means. But astronomy and astronautics are still indispensable in communication systems and television, in observing the Earth from space. Astronomy studies the fundamental laws of nature and the evolution of our world. Therefore, its philosophical significance is especially great. In fact, it determines people's worldview.

Astronomy The scale of the observable Universe is enormous and the usual units of measuring distances - meters and kilometers - are of little use here. The astronomical unit is used in the study of the solar system. This is the size of the semimajor axis of the Earth's orbit: 1 a. e. = 150 million kilometers.

Calendar Everything repeats itself in the sky above us: every night the stars rise and set, the lunar phases change, the Sun finds its way between the stars. Thanks to astronomy, people have a calendar and timekeeping. The system of counting long periods of time is called a calendar. Over the centuries of human history, many different calendar systems have been developed (and used). But all calendars can be divided into three main types: solar, lunar and lunisolar. Solar calendars are based on the length of the tropical year, lunar calendars are based on the length of the lunar or synodic month, lunisolar calendars are based on both of these periods. The modern calendar adopted in most countries is the solar calendar.

Boundaries in the sky Already in ancient times, our ancestors divided the starry sky into clearly distinguishable combinations of stars, which were called constellations. Astronomy arose earlier than all other sciences - noticing patterns in the movement of stars, our ancestors learned to measure time, created the first prototypes of a calendar, and learned to navigate the terrain. The names of the constellations were associated with myths, names of gods, names of devices and mechanisms. Knowing the constellations is the ABC of astronomy. How to navigate in this huge and beautiful world, in this scattering of stars? A constellation is a section of the celestial sphere, the boundaries of which are determined by a special decision of the International Astronomical Union (IAU). There are a total of 88 constellations on the celestial sphere. The boundaries between these strictly defined areas of the sky are arbitrary; they have no physical meaning.. 88 constellations

CONSTELLATION WOLF According to ancient Greek myth, the wicked king Lycaon lived in the Copper Age. He disobeyed the gods and mocked everyone who honored Zeus and other gods. One day Lycaon killed a hostage and invited all the guests to eat his meat at his feast. This overflowed Zeus's patience, he turned Lycaon into a bloodthirsty wolf and placed him in the sky.

Interesting objects. The most interesting object in this constellation is the Large Magellanic Cloud. This is a distant galaxy, visible in the southern hemisphere to the naked eye as a nebulous cloud. It was named so by Antonio Pyfanette in 1521 during Magellan's voyage. The Large Magellanic Cloud is one of the closest galaxies, located at a distance of only 200 thousand light years. It is an irregular, patchy-shaped galaxy in which large amounts of interstellar gas have been detected. In the sky it occupies 5°, which is ten times the apparent diameter of the Moon. wrong galaxy

FISH Origin of the name. Drawing of the Pisces constellation on ancient engravings. Drawing of the Pisces constellation on ancient engravings. Ancient drawings of this constellation show two fish tied with a ribbon. According to ancient Greek legend, Akid fell in love with the beautiful daughter of the sea god Nereus Galatea. Galatea also responded to him with love. But not only Akid fell in love with Galatea. The huge Cyclops Polyphemus once saw Galatea and also became inflamed with passion for her. But suddenly Polyphemus saw Galatea and Akidas in a cool grotto on the seashore. Mad with jealousy, the mighty Cyclops began to destroy everything around him. Frightened, Galatea threw herself into the stormy sea in horror, fleeing from the angry Cyclops to be protected by her father Nereus. And Akid, in love, threw himself into the sea after his beloved. They turned into fish, tied with a long and wide ribbon. The gods, in honor of such great love, raised these fish to heaven. According to another legend, Pisces are Aphrodite and Eros fleeing the terrible Typhon.

Origin of name. Ancient drawings of this constellation show two fish tied with a ribbon. According to ancient Greek legend, Akid fell in love with the beautiful daughter of the sea god Nereus Galatea. Galatea also responded to him with love. But not only Akid fell in love with Galatea. The huge Cyclops Polyphemus once saw Galatea and also became inflamed with passion for her. But suddenly Polyphemus saw Galatea and Akidas in a cool grotto on the seashore. Mad with jealousy, the mighty Cyclops began to destroy everything around him. Frightened, Galatea threw herself into the stormy sea in horror, fleeing from the angry Cyclops to be protected by her father Nereus. And Akid, in love, threw himself into the sea after his beloved. They turned into fish, tied with a long and wide ribbon. The gods, in honor of such great love, raised these fish to heaven. The constellation Pisces in ancient engravings.

Interesting objects This constellation contains α Ursa Minor - the North Star. This is a very important star because of its special location - it is currently less than a degree from the north pole. The entire vault of heaven seems to revolve around her, but she herself remains in place. This is the only virtually motionless star in the sky to the naked eye. The main stars of Ursa Minor form the famous asterism called the “Little Dipper”. The North Star is located at the tip of the “tail” of Ursa Minor. The two stars forming the bottom of the “Little Dipper” are also called the guardians of the pole. The north pole. Near Polar at a distance of 18" you can see through a telescope its satellite, the apparent magnitude of which is 9m. Origin of the name. Drawing of Ursa Minor in Hevelius’s atlas. Drawing of Ursa Minor in Hevelius's atlas. This is one of the most ancient constellations. On old maps of the starry sky, Ursa Minor rotates around its long tail, which does not look like a bear. The Greeks, who did not know what these northern animals look like, invented such a long tail. Ursa Minor almost coincides with the north pole of the world, so from the outside it seems that the sky is spinning the poor animal by its tail. About three thousand years ago, the star closest to the North Pole of the world was β Ursa Minor, which has its own name Kohab. Translated from Arabic, Kohab-el-. Shemali means the star of the north. In China, this star is called the royal one. It is believed that Thales of Miletus formed this constellation; he also recommended using the bright star of this constellation for navigation in the sea. Thales of Miletus

Origin of the name This is one of the most ancient constellations. On old star charts, Ursa Minor rotates around its long, unbear-like tail. Such a long tail was invented for the celestial bears by the Greeks, who did not know what these northern animals looked like. The end of the Ursa Minor's tail almost coincides with the north pole of the world, so from the outside it seems that the sky is spinning the poor animal by its tail. About three thousand years ago, the closest star to the North Pole of the world was the star β Ursa Minor, which had its own name Kohab. Translated from Arabic, Kohab el-Shemali means the star of the north. In China, this star is called the royal star. Thales of Miletus is believed to have formed this constellation; he also recommended using the bright star of this constellation for navigation in the sea. Thales of Miletus

The starry sky above us... In mid-latitudes, about 80% of the celestial sphere is accessible to observation. Let's start getting acquainted with the constellations in the summer sky. In the northern part, Ursa Major and Cassiopeia are visible. In the south, the summer-autumn triangle shines - Vega, Deneb and Altair. The huge Cygnus Cross is easy to spot against the backdrop of the Milky Way. Closer to the horizon you can see the brightest star of Scorpius - Antares. To the west of the triangle are Hercules, Corona Nord and Bootes. Ursa Major Cassiopeia Cygnus Scorpio Hercules Corona Borealis Botes

In winter A real decoration of the winter sky is the constellation Orion, shaped like a butterfly. To the right of it is Taurus; the red Aldebaran glows in his eye. At the zenith is Auriga, to the left are Gemini, and below them are Canis Minor and Canis Major with the brightest star Sirius. Leo is visible in the southeast, Ursa Major is visible high in the east, and Cassiopeia and Cepheus are located in the northwest above the setting Pegasus. Orion Taurus Gemini Canis Minor Leo Cepheus The Winter Triangle is made up of the brightest stars Orion, Canis Minor and Canis Major.

In autumn In autumn in the south the large square of Pegasus is clearly visible, with Pisces underneath it. The long chain of stars extending from Pegasus is the constellation Andromeda. The triangle is already low above the horizon. Cassiopeia is now at its zenith. It is easy to recognize in the sky: it forms a figure similar to the letter W. To the left of the Big Dipper bucket is Bootes, to the right are Perseus and Charioteer. Pegasus PiscesAndromeda Bootes Perseus Charioteer

In spring, the sky is dark: there are few bright stars and the Milky Way is not visible. In the north hangs the inverted dipper of the Big Dipper. The handle of the scoop points to the orange Arcturus, the brightest star in the northern sky. On the continuation of this arc you can find Spica - α Virgo. Leo lies high in the south, between it and Bootes the constellation Coma Berenices is located. The Pleiades and Orion set in the west. Virgos Coma Berenices Before the invention of the compass, the stars were the main landmarks: it was by them that ancient sailors and travelers found the right direction. Celestial navigation—orientation by the stars—has retained its importance in our age of satellites and atomic energy. It is necessary for navigators and astronauts, captains and pilots. The 25 brightest stars are called navigation stars, with the help of which the location of the ship is determined.

With the naked eye, you can see about 6,000 stars in the entire sky, but we see only half of them, because the other half of the starry sky is blocked from us by the Earth. Due to its rotation, the appearance of the starry sky changes. Some stars are just emerging from the horizon (rising) in the eastern part, others at this time are high above your head, and still others are already hiding behind the horizon in the western side (setting). At the same time, it seems to us that the starry sky rotates as a single whole. Now everyone is well aware that the rotation of the sky is an apparent phenomenon caused by the rotation of the Earth. A picture of what happens to the starry sky as a result of the daily rotation of the Earth can be captured with a camera. If it were possible to photograph the paths of stars in the sky over a whole day, then the photograph would turn out to be complete circles - 360°. After all, a day is the period of a complete revolution of the Earth around its axis. In an hour, the Earth will rotate 1/24 of a circle, i.e. 15°. Consequently, the length of the arc that the star will describe during this time will be 15°, and in half an hour - 7.5°. To indicate the position of luminaries in the sky, a coordinate system is used, similar to that used in geography - the equatorial coordinate system. As you know, the position of any point on the globe can be indicated using geographic coordinates - latitude and longitude.

Let us introduce a system of equatorial coordinates, which indicates the position of the luminaries on the celestial sphere relative to each other. Let's draw a line through the center of the celestial sphere parallel to the Earth's rotation axis - the axis of the world. It will intersect the celestial sphere at two diametrically opposite points, which are called the poles of the world - P and P. The north pole of the world is called the one near which the North Star is located. A plane passing through the center of the sphere parallel to the plane of the Earth's equator, in cross-section with the sphere, forms a circle, called the celestial equator. The celestial equator (like the earth’s) divides the celestial sphere into two hemispheres: the Northern and Southern. The angular distance of the luminary from the celestial equator is called the declination, which is denoted by the Greek letter “delta”. it is similar to geographic latitude. The second coordinate, which indicates the position of the star in the sky, is similar to geographic longitude. This coordinate is called right ascension and is denoted by the Greek letter “alpha.” Right ascension is measured along the celestial equator from the point of the vernal equinox, where the Sun occurs annually on March 21. (on the day of the vernal equinox). In astronomy, it is customary to express right ascension not in degrees, but in hours. You remember that due to the rotation of the Earth, 15° corresponds to 1 hour, and 1° corresponds to 4 minutes. Therefore, a right ascension equal to, for example, 12 o'clock is 180°, and 7 hours 40 minutes corresponds to 115°.

Observations are carried out using astronomical observatories. The first observatory was created in 4000 BC. e. in the town of Stonehenge (England). The most famous observatories of the Russian Federation: Main Astronomical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences - Pulkovo (in St. Petersburg); Special Astrophysical Observatory (in the North Caucasus); State Astronomical Institute named after. PC. Sternberg (in Moscow).

Telescopes are very different: - optical (general astrophysical purposes, coronagraphs, telescopes for observing satellites); - radio telescopes; - infrared; - neutrino; - X-ray. With all their diversity, all telescopes that receive electromagnetic radiation solve two main problems: to create the sharpest possible image and, during visual observations, to increase the angular distances between objects (stars, galaxies, etc.); collect as much radiation energy as possible, increase the illumination of the image of objects.

The first telescope was built in 1609 by Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei. The telescope had modest dimensions (tube length 1245 mm, lens diameter 53 mm, eyepiece 25 diopters), imperfect optical design and 30x magnification. He made it possible to make a whole series of remarkable discoveries (phases of Venus, mountains on the Moon, satellites of Jupiter, spots on the Sun, stars in the Milky Way). The very poor image quality in the first telescopes forced opticians to look for ways to solve this problem. It turned out that increasing the focal length of the lens significantly improves image quality. Telescopes of Galileo (Museum of the History of Science, Florence). Two telescopes are mounted on a museum stand. In the center of the vignette is a broken lens from Galileo’s first telescope Galileo Telescopes (Museum of the History of Science, Florence). Two telescopes are mounted on a museum stand. In the center of the vignette is a broken lens from Galileo’s first telescope

The Hevelius telescope was 50 m long and was suspended by a system of ropes on a pole. Ozu's telescope was 98 meters long. Moreover, it did not have a tube; the lens was located on a pole at a distance of almost 100 meters from the eyepiece, which the observer held in his hands (the so-called air telescope). It was very inconvenient to observe with such a telescope. Ozu did not make a single discovery. Telescope of Hevelius and Ozu

In 1663, Gregory created a new design for a reflecting telescope. Gregory was the first to suggest using a mirror instead of a lens in a telescope. The first reflecting telescope was built by Isaac Newton in 1668. The scheme according to which it was built was called the “Newton scheme”. The length of the telescope was 15 cm.

In 1963, a 300-meter radio telescope with a spherical antenna began operating in Arecibo on the island of Puerto Rico, installed in a huge natural pit in the mountains. In 1976, the 600-meter radio telescope RATAN-600 began operating in the North Caucasus in Russia. The angular resolution of the radio telescope at a wavelength of 3 cm is 10".

Constellations of the starry sky

Astronomy Presentation

Completed by physics teacher V.S. Pronkina

• Ursa Major is a huge constellation of the Northern Hemisphere, representing seven bright stars arranged in the shape of a ladle with a long handle. The penultimate star bears the Arabic name Mizar (“Horse”). Very close to it there is a not bright star Alcor. ("Rider") These lights can be used to check visual acuity.

• This is how the Big Dipper was depicted in the ancient star atlas.

• The Big Dipper has a long tail. This doesn't happen with bears. The Greeks said that Zeus once fell in love with the beautiful girl Callisto. But Zeus' jealous wife Hera turned her into an ugly bear. Then Zeus dragged the beast into the sky and made it a beautiful constellation. He pulled it by the tail and it pulled out.

Ursa Minor

Next to the Big Dipper, a smaller seven-star bucket shines - this is the constellation Ursa Minor. According to legend, Zeus turned Arkad, the son of Callisto, into Ursa Minor.

Dragon constellation

The long constellation Draco seems to wrap around the North Pole, surrounding Ursa Minor on three sides. The Greeks associate it with the myth of the battle of gods and titans. During the battle, one of the titans threw a dragon at the goddess of wisdom Athena, but she grabbed the snake by the tail and threw it into the sky. The wriggling dragon flew to the very celestial pole and there froze to the sky.

Constellation Andromeda

The huge constellation Andromeda represents a girl with outstretched arms. The wrists were chained to the rock. This is how Perseus saw her. He fell in love with a girl and decided to save her. The king and queen promised Perseus that they would give Andromeda in marriage to him if he protected the girl from the whale. The waves foamed and a sea monster emerged. The whale was ready to attack Perseus, but the young man showed him the head of Medusa. Under the gaze of even the dead Medusa, the whale turned into a huge rock. Perseus freed the rescued Andromeda from her shackles. The lovers shone in the sky with constellations

Inserting a picture

Constellation Cassiopeia

Easiest to find in the sky. It shines in the sky like a giant letter "M"

Currently, the entire sky is conditionally divided into 88 areas with strictly defined boundaries. These areas are called constellations, and a given constellation includes all the stars located within its boundaries, For example, the constellation Ursa Major includes not only the stars of the well-known “bucket”, but also many faint stars and various other objects (for example, galaxies).

The stars of each constellation are designated by letters of the Greek alphabet. The first of them (α - alpha) most often designates the brightest star, and then follow the stars designated by the letters β (beta), γ (gamma), δ (delta), ε (epsilon), etc. The brightest stars have proper names: Vega (α Lyra), Sirius (α Canis Major), etc.

2 We do not set ourselves the task of studying all the constellations visible at mid-latitudes, but will limit ourselves to only a few. We will use Figure 6 and the star map. First of all, for the stars β and α Ursa Major let's find α Ursa Minor(Fig. 6). This is the North Star, the handle of the “bucket” of Ursa Minor ends with it. Below the North Star on the horizon is the north point. Knowing this, it is easy to navigate the area and find the cardinal points (north, south, east, west). If we continue the straight line running from Ursa Major to the North Star, we will find a constellation whose bright stars are arranged in the shape of an inverted letter M. This is Cassiopeia (see Fig. 6). In mid-latitudes, Ursa Major, Ursa Minor and Cassiopeia are visible in the sky above the horizon throughout the year. Therefore, we began our acquaintance with the starry sky by finding these constellations. Most of the other constellations of interest to us are best observed at certain times of the year. Thus, one of the first to appear in the summer and autumn evening sky are the bright stars Vega (α Lyra), Deneb (α Swan), Altair (α Orla), forming a triangle (this is summer(or summer-autumn) triangle; see fig. 6). Near Vega (the brightest star in the northern sky), four stars of the constellation Lyra form a parallelogram. The brightest stars of the constellation Cygnus are arranged in the form of a cross, at one of the vertices of which is Deneb.

Autumn is a convenient time to observe constellations Pegasa And Andromeda. The constellation Cassiopeia will help you find them in the sky (see Fig. 6). The bright stars Pegasus and Andromeda are arranged in a scoop-shaped shape, much larger than the constellation Ursa Major. The “bucket” is composed of three Pegasus stars (α, β, γ) and the star αAndromeda.

The winter evening sky is decorated with a group of constellations, of which a very beautiful constellation stands out most clearly Orion. Betelgeuse (α Orionis) shines above the “belt” of Orion (stars δ, ε, ζ), and below the “belt” is Rigel (β Orionis). Let's imagine a spiral line starting from the star δ Orionis and passing through the stars γ, α, β. Mentally continuing this line (see Fig. 6), we will successively encounter the following bright stars: Aldebaran (α Taurus), Capella (α Voz-nogo), Pollux (β Gemini), Procyon (α Canis Minor) and, finally, the brightest star in the sky - Sirius (α Canis Major). Betelgeuse, Procyon and Sirius make up winter triangle.

In spring, you can add constellations to the already familiar constellations Bootes, Virgo, Leo. The direction to the bright stars of the first two constellations is indicated by the handle of the Ursa Major bucket (see Fig. 6), at the continuation of which we will find Arcturus (α Bootes) and Spica (α Virgo). The constellation Leo is easy to find in the sky, remembering that its bright stars form a large trapezoid. Western southern (lower right) trapezoid star - Regulus (α Leo), and the bottom left is Denebola. Three stars (Arcturus, Spica, Denebola) form spring triangle.

Thus, if you want to study the starry sky, then you need to do this throughout the year. A moving star map (MSM) will help you quickly determine which constellations and bright stars are visible on a given evening. You will find them in the sky. Such observations will not require a lot of time and will give you the opportunity to contemplate the perfect beauty of nature.

Rice. 6. Diagram of the relative position of the main constellations and bright stars.

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“Presentation “Starry Sky””

starry sky

Starry sky.

What is a constellation?

Main constellations of the Northern Hemisphere

An abyss full of stars opened;

The stars have no number, the bottom of the abyss.

M. V. Lomonosov

On a cloudless and moonless night, far from city lighting, a majestic picture of the starry sky opens up.

At first glance, it seems that it is impossible to understand the scattering of stars.

Of course, different peoples divided the sky in different ways.

Everyone has their own sky

Currently, the entire sky is conventionally divided into

88 plots with strictly defined boundaries.

These areas are called constellations .

Moreover, this constellation includes all the stars located within its boundaries. The constellation Ursa Major includes not only the “bucket” stars, but also many faint stars and various other objects (for example, galaxies).

The stars of each constellation are designated by letters of the Greek alphabet.

α (alpha) denotes the brightest star, followed by stars labeled β (beta), γ (gamma), δ (delta), ε (epsilon), etc.

The brightest stars have their own names:

Sirius (α Canis Major)

Ursa Major is the third largest constellation in area (after Hydra and Virgo).

Up to 125 stars can be seen with the naked eye.

Seven bright stars form the famous Big Dipper.

Big dipper - asterism

in the constellation

Big Dipper.

Asterism is known

since ancient times among many peoples under different names:

Plow, Elk, Cart, Seven Sages...

Asterisms are easily recognizable star patterns (but are not constellations).

• Dubhe (α) - “bear”;
• Merak (β) - “lower back”;
• Fekda (γ) - “thigh”;
• Megrets (δ) - “beginning of the tail”;
• Aliot (ε) - the meaning is not clear (probably “fat tail”);
• Mizar (ζ) - “sash” or “loincloth”.
• Benetnash or Alkaid (η); in Arabic “al-Qaeed banat our” - “leader of the mourners.”

Another interpretation of asterism: Hearse and Mourners.

The asterism is thought of as a funeral procession: in front are mourners, headed by a leader, followed by a funeral bier.

Egypt

China

Bull thigh

Emperor Shangdi's carriage

India

America

Seven wise men

Great Bear

Distance to Earth (light years)

• Dubhe (α) - 125
• Merak (β) - 79
• Fekda (γ) - 85
• Megrets (δ) - 81
• Alioth (ε) - 81
• Mizar (ζ) - 79
• Benetnash (η) - 101

People with good eyesight see another star next to Mizar - Alcor (translated from Arabic as “forgotten” or “insignificant”)

Two stars

Mizar and Alcor

included in the paired asterism

"Horse and Rider"

Both stars are part of a physically connected system consisting of 6 stars

Many cultures have stories about the use of Alcor to determine the quality of vision of future warriors.

In Ancient Egypt - in the personal troops of the pharaoh,

among the Arabs, Greeks and Romans - as archers.

But seeing Alcor is not at all as difficult as the ancients claimed; it does not require exceptional vision.

All stars are not only distant from the observer at different distances, but also move around the center of the Galaxy at different speeds.

As a result, the relative positions of the stars change over time.

During one human life, it is almost impossible to detect changes in the contours of the constellation, but if traced over thousands of years, the change becomes quite noticeable.

The 5 stars of the Bucket belong to a single group - the moving Ursa Major cluster.

Dubhe and Benetnash are moving in the other direction.

The shape of the Ladle changes significantly over about 100,000 years.

Stars

Merak (β) and Dubhe (α) are called

Signposts

A small circumpolar constellation contains only

25 stars visible to the naked eye.

There's nothing special about it

bright nebulae

or galaxies, and it does not contain star clusters.

The North Star is the main attraction of the constellation Ursa Minor

Below the North Star on the horizon is the north point.

Knowing this, it is easy to navigate the area and find the cardinal points (north, south, east, west).

If we continue the straight line passing from ε Ursa Major to the North Star, we will find a constellation whose bright stars are arranged in the form of an inverted letter M. This is Cassiopeia.

In mid-latitudes, Ursa Major, Ursa Minor and Cassiopeia are visible in the sky above the horizon throughout the year.

Bright stars are among the first to appear in the summer and autumn evening skies. Vega (α Lyrae),

Deneb (α Swan), Altair (α Eagle), forming a triangle (this is a summer or summer-autumn triangle).

Near Vega (the brightest star in the northern sky) are four stars of the constellation Lyra

form a parallelogram.

Autumn is a convenient time to observe the constellations Pegasus and Andromeda. The constellation Cassiopeia will help you find them in the sky. The bright stars Pegasus and Andromeda are arranged in a scoop-shaped shape, much larger than the constellation Ursa Major. The “bucket” is composed of three Pegasus stars (α, β, γ) and the α Andromeda star.

Let's imagine a spiral line starting from the star δ Orionis and passing through the stars γ, α, β. Mentally continuing this line, we will successively meet the bright stars: Aldebaran (α Taurus), Capella (α Auriga), Pollux (β Gemini), Procyon (α Canis Minor) and the brightest star in the sky - Sirius (α Canis Major). Betelgeuse, Procyon and Sirius form the winter triangle.

In spring you can add

constellations Bootes, Virgo, Leo.

Direction to the bright

the stars of the first two constellations are indicated by the handle of the Ursa Major bucket, on the continuation of which we will find

Arcturus (α Bootes) and Spica (α Virgo).

The constellation Leo is easy to find in the sky: its bright stars form a large trapezoid. Western southern (lower right) trapezoid star – Regulus

(α Leo), and the lower left is Denebola.

Zvezdnoe
Zvezdnoe
sky
sky
Purpose: to tell
Purpose: to tell
about the starry sky
about the starry sky

At first glance it seems
At first glance it seems
which is impossible
which is impossible
understand the stars
understand the stars
placers. So many stars
placers. So many stars
in the sky.
in the sky.
Clear dark night sky
Clear dark night sky
appears as gigantic
appears as gigantic
overturned bowl
overturned bowl
strewn with stars, and
strewn with stars, and
it becomes clear to us
it becomes clear to us
why did the ancients believe
why did the ancients believe
huge starry sky
huge starry sky
sphere rotating
sphere rotating
around the Earth.
around the Earth.

Today we know that stars are
distant, brightly burning suns,
located in space on
various distances from the Earth.

View of the Earth from space.
View of the Earth from space.
The astronauts compared
The astronauts compared
Earth with "beautiful
Earth with "beautiful
blue diamond""
blue diamond
Earth in a day
Earth in a day
commits
commits
one revolution
one revolution
around your
around your
axle axles
(imagine
(imagine
oh line,
oh line,
passing
passing
through
through
northern and
northern and
southern
southern
poles and
poles and
center
center
Earth).
Earth).

surface remains
remains
The idea of ​​heaven as
The idea of ​​heaven as
huge, empty, rotating
empty, rotating
huge,
globe with the Earth in the center and
globe with the Earth in the center and
celestial objects on his
celestial objects
inner surface
internal
convenient. Astronomers call
convenient. Astronomers call
such an imaginary Katrina of the sky
imaginary Katrina of the sky
such
celestial sphere. .
celestial sphere
Astronomers use celestial
sphere to be attributed to it
sphere to be attributed to it
positions of stars, galaxies, paths
Sun, Moon and planets. When you
you will look at the stars,
you will look at the stars,
imagine looking at them
from within the celestial sphere.
from within the celestial sphere.

Celestial sphere
Celestial sphere

QUESTION
QUESTION
Why when observed from Earth
it seems to you that during the night
stars move around
stars move around
celestial sphere?
celestial sphere?
Because the Earth
Because the Earth
revolves around
revolves around
its axis inside
its axis inside
celestial sphere
celestial sphere

Usually the sky is divided into sections,
plots,
Usually the sky is divided into
inside which the stars seem to be
inside which the stars seem to be
grouped into separate figures -
constellations.
constellations.
Thousands of years ago
Thousands of years ago
people called
people called
constellations in honor
constellations in honor
animals or
animals or
mythological heroes.
mythological heroes.
More than 2000 years ago
More than 2000 years ago
the ancient Greeks gave
the ancient Greeks gave
names of 48 constellations.
names of 48 constellations.

constellations
constellations

Today astronomers
Today astronomers
use these
use these
ancient names
ancient names
constellations just
constellations just
as designations
as designations
88 areas of the sky.
88 areas of the sky.
Using the constellations
Using the constellations
they are looking for
they are looking for
sky one or another
sky one or another
objects.
objects.
Mars is located in the constellation Leo
similar what to say: Houston
located in Texas.
located in Texas

Inside
Inside
Most
Most
large
large
constellations
constellations
Can
Can
distinguish
distinguish
more
more
small
small
constellations – –
constellations
asterisms
asterisms
famous
famous
asterism –
asterism –
Ladle,
Ladle,
which
which
is
is
part
part
constellations
constellations
Big
Big
Ursa
Ursa

Constellations

Type of stars
Type of stars

The stars of the constellation Orion appear
Closely located
Closely located
to each other, and is created
to each other, and is created
feeling like they
feeling like they
are on one
are on one
distance from Earth
distance from Earth
It is clear that these
It is clear that these
the stars are located
the stars are located
at different distances
at different distances

Look
Look
to star
to star
cards.
cards.
Please pay
Please pay
Attention
Attention
on the dotted line
on the dotted line
new line
new line
– – ecliptic
ecliptic
– – visible
visible
path of the sun
path of the sun
on the background
on the background
stars
stars
Twelve
Twelve
constellations,
constellations,
located
located
along
along
ecliptic,
ecliptic,
called the constellations of the Zodiac
constellations of the Zodiac..
called
cards names of 12 constellations:
Write the names of 12 constellations using a map:
Write with

View
View
stellar
stellar
sky
sky
constantly
constantly
is changing
is changing
(from time
(from time
year, from
year, from
time
time
days, from
days, from
provisions
provisions
watch
watch
la on Earth
la on Earth
- latitude)
- latitude)

Some stars look brighter
others. Stellar magnitude
Stellar magnitude
others.
is a measure of how much
celestial object looks bright
when observed from Earth.
when observed from Earth.
Celestial objects may appear
bright because:
bright because:
*emit a lot of light
*emit a lot of light
*located close to Earth
*located close to Earth
In Vo IIII century AD Greek astronomer
in AD Greek astronomer
Hipparchus divided all the stars according to
shine for 6 classes
shine
stellar magnitudes.
stellar magnitudes.
for 6 classes, or
, or

Description of the stars
Description of the stars
The brightness of a star is measured on a scale
magnitude
magnitude
Absolute magnitude
Absolute
magnitude – –
actual brightness of the star in
brightness of the star
valid
space
space
Apparent brightness – – brightness visible from
brightness visible from
Apparent brightness
Earth
Earth
The brightest ones have zero or even
minus magnitude
minus magnitude

the brightest objects ("
objects ("--"
the weakest objects ("
Magnitude classes
Magnitude classes
1st class – – the brightest
1 class
magnitude
magnitude
… …
objects ("++""
66th grade
Sirius is the brightest star in the sky
The faintest objects, visible only in
Modern astronomers also
Modern astronomers also
class – – the weakest
magnitudes
magnitudes
value -1.5
value -1.5
powerful telescopes have up to +24
powerful telescopes have up to +24
use a similar classification.
But instead of an eye assessment of shine
use photometers
photometers.
use

The difference in the brightness of two objects into one
magnitude means that

the brightness ratio is ≈ 2.5.

Example: Stars,
Example: Stars,
who have stellar
who have stellar
magnitude = 0, as
magnitude = 0, as
Vega seems to be in
Vega seems to be in
2.5 times brighter
2.5 times brighter
1st stars led
1st stars led
ranks such
ranks such
like Deneb and ≈
like Deneb and ≈
6.3 times brighter
6.3 times brighter
Polar
Polar
(2nd magnitude)
(2nd magnitude)

QUESTION
QUESTION
stellar magnitude?
stellar magnitude?
1) What do astronomers understand by
1) What do astronomers understand by
Magnitude is called
called
Stellar magnitude
measure of how bright
measure of how bright
looks like a celestial object
looks like a celestial object
observations from Earth.
observations from Earth.
2) How bright it looks
2) How bright it looks
celestial body
celestial body