Economic Council. Section II. Family budget Regular sources of family income

Where did you get the money? Often the sources of family income are the financial consequences of the economic activities of adult family members:

• Remuneration for work
• Business profit

Many families have a source of income received as:

• compensation and damages
• instead of benefits and rights (for example, annual leave)
• scholarship
• alimony
• pension

Family income and financial income from investments made previously:

• rental income
• interest and dividends
• royalties
• donations

Regular and irregular family income

If the family maintains a regular monthly source of income, the amount of which is determined in advance, accounting for the expenses of this income is simple.

It is worth remembering that such income cannot be “stretched”. Very often, when we decide to allocate the cost of monthly payments in the future, you may find that this can be done with the help of additional expenses for such transactions. Then we risk that our financial plans will be upset by a random event.

Planning for irregular expenses and income is more difficult. What was the average household income for the previous year? What is the minimum monthly income you can expect? What is a regular part of income, such as a basic salary, without "hacks" and rewards?

Budget for a minimum source of income and only the excess will be used to cover additional needs, and that's only when the money is actually in your pocket.

Safe sources of income

If a family has only one source of income, this can be dangerous. Think about how certain income from each source affects the family's economy. Social Security benefits are considered one source, but you may have to meet certain criteria to receive them, and laws may change.

It is better if all adults in the family work. Taking just one salary as a basis is a big financial risk. Household income depends on many factors, but in general, good planning and some action will help increase the effect of increasing income and spreading it across multiple sources.

As an example, you can:

1. try to get a temporary job
2. expand skills
3. invest to earn interest income

If your family's income comes from various sources, be especially careful when planning your budget. Calculate the averages, and even if you have money now, don't spend more than the averages.

Additional source of income

Many of us have talents, skills or abilities that are not used to generate income. An erroneous thought is deeply rooted in our belief that work and pleasure should not be mixed. Think about what you really enjoy doing. Maybe your home is a mini kindergarten to attract children from all over the area? Maybe you can sew, repair...? Or do you know so many people that you can connect them with each other and create a society, foundation, club...?

Buy a beer, grab a pen and paper and make a plan for yourself “like a boss.”

Do you like to think...

Expenses

Obviously, the income that the family receives will be spent on paying for everything that the family needs during this period. But what exactly do you need? To be able to control the family budget, you must know that this budget is really important and that we can eliminate unnecessary expenses.

Why do we actually spend more than the funds paid? Most of us don’t even think about this question; we don’t name our spending goals, although they are obvious to every family:

• supporting the life of family members (food, clothing, housing expenses, health-related expenses)
• raising children and adults to make them financially independent from people and
• parents
• providing entertainment, recreation and other higher financing needs
• (for example, religious, cultural, aesthetic, sports, social interactions and building one’s authority among the people).

These needs are the same for all of us, but we differ in the details of their implementation and what is really important to us and what is less important. For many parents, raising children of primary school age costs much less. But there are also those parents who make financial efforts to ensure that their children receive additional elements of education, such as foreign languages. Such children, in the future, as a rule, have a higher quality of life than their parents themselves.

There are people for whom gardening is a holiday, and there are those for whom, with great financial effort throughout the year, the main thing is to sunbathe in the tropical sun once a year.

Expenses.

A family's expenditure may be constant, which is repeated over a certain period of time, usually once a month:

• rent
• household bills (electricity, gas, heating, garbage collection, telephone)
• loan installment
• insurance premiums
• payments related to school and training
• transportation costs (public transport tickets, fuel)

• current and major repairs
• equipment purchases (furniture, household appliances, cars)
• buying clothes
• expenses related to holidays and celebrations, vacations and public holidays,
• expenses for illnesses and examinations

• nutrition
• our little joys and habits (candy, cigarettes, newspapers)

• penalties and fines
• fines and compensation (for example, the cost of repairing the homes of neighbors flooded with water)
• expenses for unpaid repayments (interest)

for small purchases, and we leak money “between our fingers.” Keeping track of expenses is tedious and time-consuming, so hardly anyone bothers with counting.

We avoid this for another reason: we instinctively prefer not to see how much we spend per month on pleasures and “trifles.” Cost analysis would force us to perhaps take drastic measures to cut costs, but if we don't analyze, we "live one day at a time."

There are many smart financial decisions to make. The collected information will allow you to analyze the current situation.

Write down your monthly fixed expenses. You need to know whether they are truly fixed or whether they tend to change over a long period of time. For example, seasonality.

Keep track of incidental expenses. Identify your “dear habits.” Maybe, instead of eating something at home or in the office, you buy ready-made sandwiches. If you smoke cigarettes, analyze how much you spend on it per month - you will be pleasantly surprised!

Now we sit down and write down the expenses. While you're on the subway, mark your current purchases; then it's difficult to restore small amounts. No wonder our ancestors said: “A penny saves the ruble.”

This article is searched on the Internet, according to the words: family budget sources of family income, family and money, how to save money in the family, main sources of family income and expenses, savings.

To take into account all income and expenses, many people create personal budgets. The budgeting process typically involves three phases: setting financial goals, estimating income, and planning expenses. While you'll likely use most of your income for your daily needs, large purchases need to be planned ahead. To achieve these goals you will have to make savings. Perhaps, by comparing expected income and expenses, you will have to exclude some expenses from your plans. In this case, you will be faced with an opportunity cost.

A family budget is a family financial plan that compares family income and expenses for a certain period of time (month, year).

A budget is drawn up when it is necessary to accumulate funds for large purchases, when it is necessary to analyze family income and expenses. When drawing up a budget, you can identify additional reserves and plan future expenses in the most reasonable way.

The budget is balanced when a family's income is equal to its expenses. If a family spends more than the amount of its income, then the budget of this family is deficit, and if the family’s expenses are less than its income, then the budget is surplus (surplus).

To balance the budget, you can try to increase income, look for additional sources of income, reduce expenses, and change the structure of family expenses.

Sources of family income can be: wages and bonuses, income from business activities, income from property and savings, transfers, inheritance, gifts, winnings, etc. Types of income can be combined into three groups.

Labor income is the income of family members employed or engaged in entrepreneurial activities: these are wages, bonuses and business income.

Property income - income from owning property: interest on deposits and bonds, dividends on shares, payments for renting premises, royalties, etc.

Transfers are income for which family members do not have to give anything in return. Transfers can be in cash or in kind (in the form of goods and services). They can be provided by the state or non-state organizations, as well as by private individuals. These are pensions, benefits, charitable assistance, gifts.

In all countries, the main source of income is the wages of citizens working in public or private enterprises. In Russia, wages account for more than half of all income.

Wealth is the value of all the things a person owns. This is the sum of the value - all property, bank account, cash savings, etc. Wealth can generate income for its owner.

Families spend their income on the purchase of goods and services, payment of taxes, payments, treatment, education, recreation, satisfaction of cultural, everyday and intellectual and spiritual needs. Part of the income is set aside as savings. We make the decision to save money taking into account factors such as existing wealth, our prospects for the future and the current interest rate on bank deposits.

The structure of family expenses depends on a number of factors: the amount of income, the composition of family members, tastes, preferences, cultural level of family members, and the expected economic situation in the country.

The list of goods necessary for consumption - the so-called consumer basket - varies significantly in different countries and even in individual regions. The consumer basket is a minimum set of food products, non-food products and services necessary to maintain human health and ensure his life. The composition of the consumer basket is established by law and is reviewed at least once every five years. In Russia this basket includes:

Food products: bread and cereals, potatoes and melons, fruits, sugar and confectionery, meat, fish, milk, eggs, butter, etc.;

Non-food products: coats, suits, dresses, underwear, shoes, cultural, household and household goods, sanitary items and medicines, etc.;

Services: payment for housing, heating, water supply, gas supply, electricity supply; transportation costs, etc.

The level of well-being of the population can be judged by the share of expenses on food: the lower the share of expenses on food in relation to the total amount of expenses, the higher the level of well-being of citizens of a given country. This dependence is established by Engel's law.

Engel's law. As family income increases, the structure of expenses changes: the share of expenses on food decreases, the share of expenses on meeting cultural needs increases.

Hello, friends!

I am an economist by training, and at the university I introduce students to the basics of economics. Including such concepts as income and expenses of an enterprise. Complete clarity in bright young heads, but far from the real economy, comes when we analyze these terms using everyday examples. For example, a family business is the same enterprise, only small. And the family budget plays no less important role than the budget of a company or country.

What is a family budget and why do you need to maintain it?

A family budget is a plan of family income and expenses for a certain time period (month or year).

It is more important, in my opinion, to decide on the question of why it needs to be carried out. Let's try to highlight the most important reasons.

• Accounting for real income

Without knowing all your income and all sources of funds, it is impossible to plan expenses and set achievable goals for the future.

• Cost control

If you've ever asked yourself where all the money went, then controlling your expenses will give you the answer. We often don’t notice how small expenses on goodies eat up our budget. But you can refuse them quite painlessly.

• Expense planning

Once you have control, the next step is planning. Most of our expenses are ongoing. For example, paying for gasoline or public transport, utility bills, children's clubs and sections, shopping, etc. Knowing all the upcoming expenses for the next month, it is easy to plan something more serious.

• Accumulation

For some, this is the most pleasant bonus from managing a family budget. For example, in my family the lion's share of income is spent on travel. Very expensive events, you can’t do without savings. Therefore, it is very important to know how much I can save per month without compromising the interests of the family. Read my article about ways to save money.

• Creating an “airbag”

So far, for many, including me, an emergency reserve for a “rainy day” is an unattainable dream. But we must understand that for a family this goal is one of the most important. Agree that few people want to end up in poverty if they lose their job or have unexpected large expenses. For these cases, a “safety cushion” is needed.

• Peace and quiet in the family

How often do you hear from a husband that his wife spends too much money on clothes and coffee with her girlfriends. And the wife constantly reproaches that her husband allows himself weekly trips to the bar, bowling, fishing, etc. Sound familiar? Maintaining a family budget will allow you to sort out your income and expenses, teach you how to save, and allow you to always have money for whatever your heart desires. And it doesn’t matter whether it’s a new dress or a fancy fishing rod.

Types of family budget

At the very beginning of family life, the question inevitably arises of who will be in charge of the distribution of finances or, more simply put, who will manage the family budget. And it’s better not to put off resolving this issue because, dare I say it, the well-being of the family depends on it.

What types of family budgets are there?

Joint

All the money earned by the husband and wife is put in one place, for example, in an envelope or box. Each family member has the right to take the amount he needs for urgent needs. As a rule, large purchases are discussed at the family council and made together.

It should be noted that today maintaining such a budget has become more complicated due to the widespread use of bank cards. I felt this myself, because my family’s budget is a common wallet. Therefore, now we are forced to move to another type, which I don’t really like.

Based on my many years (more than 18 years) of experience in managing a joint budget, I will tell you about the basic principles on which it is built:

• a greater degree of responsibility of both spouses in matters of spending;
• absolute trust in each other;
• constant control of expenses so as not to end up with an empty envelope;
• mandatory discussion of large purchases;
• an atmosphere of mutual understanding and kindness, when neither spouse allows himself to reproach the other for the amount of earnings.

If at least one of the principles is violated, then this type of financial control is not for you.

Separated

This type of budgeting, in my opinion, is most common between people who have become a couple already being financially established. For example, remarriage or marriage at an advanced age. The peculiarity of this type is that each spouse has his own wallet. The husband and wife have complete control over their personal finances only. Often spouses do not even know the real amount of each other’s income.

How, in this case, is the issue of payment resolved, for example, going to a restaurant together or going on vacation, utility bills and child support? As a rule, expenses for these items are divided in half.

Principles for creating a separate budget:

• spouses are responsible only for their part of the budget;
• ability to resolve possible conflicts regarding payment of general expenses;
• greater independence than with a joint budget in matters of control and accumulation;
• greater freedom of action in matters of gifts and surprises for your soulmate.

Sole

A type of budgeting in which all the money is concentrated in the hands of one person. He takes full responsibility for controlling income and expenses. This practice is suitable for families in which one of the spouses often succumbs to the temptation of spontaneous purchases, does not monitor expenses and gets into debt.

Principles of sole ownership and management of money:

• one of the spouses bears moral and material responsibility not only for himself, but also for all family members;
• the second principle comes from the first, he must be as organized and financially literate as possible;
• It is important to maintain a balance in the relationship so as not to constantly remind your other half of her position in the family.

Common or separate, or maybe sole? Advice in resolving this issue can only do harm. Answer it in a way that is best only for you, and not for your advisors.

Stages of maintaining a family budget

In section 1, I answered the question why you need to maintain a family budget. And if I was able to convince you of the need to maintain it, now it’s time to move on to the question of how to manage a budget correctly.

I have identified 6 main stages:

Stage 1. Preparatory.

Before starting the planning and saving process, you should monitor all family income and expenses for several months. This can be done in a notebook, in an Excel spreadsheet, in special computer programs or in a mobile application. We'll talk about ways to manage a budget below. The main principles that must be followed at this stage:

• daily recording of all receipts and expenses;
• distribution of costs into categories and subcategories;
• calculation at the end of the month of the totals for all sections in order to identify the most costly items;
• We make a table of income, do not forget to take into account all sources of income.

How to distribute expenses and income? For example, in a table I divided my family’s expenses into categories: utility bills, education, food + manufactured goods, transport, health, leisure, clothing, large purchases and others. Each category also has subcategories.

Stage 2. Analysis of collected data.

After 2–3 months of collecting initial data, analyze them. After all, this is why you collected them? Which expenses are mandatory for your family, and which ones can you give up forever (for example, smoking) or temporarily (for example, buying a new blouse every month)?

The more detailed you entered the expenses made into the table, the more accurate the analysis will be. This is necessary so that you identify the hidden reserves of your family budget. Those starting points from which you will build on the next stage.

Stage 3. Setting goals.

After you have carried out the analysis and identified reserves, you need to determine what you want to achieve in the near or distant future. Goals can be very different. For example:

• saving money for vacation,
• buying a new refrigerator,
• preparation for a comfortable retirement, etc.

Stage 4. Development of strategy and tactics.

Perhaps the most difficult and responsible stage. On it you must develop a strategy and tactics for managing a family budget that will help you achieve your goals.

Here you must clearly state, in as much detail as possible, your actions. For example, there is a goal - to save money for a vacation in the amount of 70,000 rubles. There are 7 months left before it. This means that every month you must save 10,000 rubles.

There is no need to set unattainable goals. Buy a secluded island in the ocean with an average monthly income of 50,000 rubles. - you are unlikely to be able to. But going there for the holidays is fine.

My work colleagues often ask me how I can go on vacation abroad 2 times a year with the same income as them? They can't afford this. I’ve already stopped explaining anything to them; they don’t hear and don’t want to hear. And here I will answer.

Yes I love to travel. This is my life's passion and I have passed it on to my entire family. Therefore, we have one goal for the year - to conquer the next route. Neither my husband nor I have expensive cars, phones, fur coats or jewelry. For me all this is an empty phrase. From every amount we earn, we save for the only thing that has value for us - vivid emotions and impressions from trips, from getting to know a foreign culture, people, language. Maintaining a family budget helps a lot.

If you want to increase your income, reduce your expenses. In my article on saving, I go into more detail about ways to reduce costs.

Stage 5. Planning the family budget for the month.

Here again you will need a table, but in a more complicated version. Income and expenses should be further divided into the columns “Plan” and “Fact”. Remember the example of a goal - to save 70,000 rubles. on vacation? We make our contributions of 10,000 rubles. and all other mandatory expenses in the “Plan” column. We enter actual values ​​and display deviations.

Monthly table example

The numbers in the table are conditional, for example. The result of our planning is that we saved 14,200 rubles.

Stage 6. Analysis of results.

At the end of the month we must sum up the results. Compare the amounts according to plan and actual. Which items were saved, and which were over-expended?

In our conditional example, at the end of the month we saved 14,200 rubles. Next, it is logical to resolve the issue with this “extra” money. What to do with them? Each family decides this differently. Someone will spend money on purchasing the necessary (or not so necessary) thing. Someone will put it aside for a deposit. Someone will skip the restaurant. In any case, the choice is only yours. No advice is appropriate here.

And then you need to create a new table for the next month. And our stages are repeated, except for the 1st and 2nd. The 3rd stage can also be excluded if the goal was set long-term and is achieved in more than one month.

Ways to manage a family budget

So far we have talked to you about accounting for income and expenses in tabular form. We will look at where and how to compile such tables in this section.

Accounting on paper

Get a notebook or notepad, take a pen or pencil. This is the entire stationery set for budgeting. At the end of the month you will need a calculator. I started doing home accounting this way, so I’ll tell you from my own experience about its pros and cons.

1. Free. Your expenses are just paper and pen.
2. Available for all family members. Children or elderly people who are not computer literate can easily cope with tables on paper. At the end of the day, each family member can enter their expenses in a notebook.
3. Use anywhere. You can do the table in the car, on the bus on the way to work, on the plane, on the train, or on a picnic. No computer needed, no internet needed.

1. All results will have to be calculated manually. It takes a lot of time.
2. It is very easy to make mistakes in calculations. Moreover, you may not find the error. You pressed the wrong number on the calculator and that’s it...

For example, I only had enough for 1 month of such budgeting. Since we recorded all expenses in detail, by the end of the reporting period we had written 7 A4 pages.

Tables in Excel

This is a method that sooner or later you will come to anyway. Within a month, I transferred all my family accounting to Excel.

1. Beautiful design. You can highlight income and expenses in different colors, fill the entire table or individual cells.
2. Automatic calculation of totals. Set up all the necessary formulas so that when you deposit the next amount, the totals are recalculated.
3. Graphical analytics. Excel has many options for creating pie and column charts. You can clearly see which expenses in your budget have the largest share, and maybe make adjustments for the next month.
4. No internet connection required.

1. Computer skills in general and Excel in particular are required. This may not be possible for older people or people who do not deal with computer programs and do not want to learn it.
2. Ability to maintain a budget only if you have access to a computer. If you are afraid of forgetting about the expenses you have made during the day, it is convenient to write them down in a notebook or phone. In the evening, transfer all recordings to your computer.

Google Sheets

Another great way to budget is Google Sheets. Anyone familiar with Excel will have no difficulty understanding these tables. The feature set and interface are very similar. But there are a number of undeniable advantages:

• filling out tables online, no need to save anything, everything happens automatically;
• if your computer breaks down, all tables will be saved and you can easily access them;
• All family members can take part in filling out the tables from any device and at any time convenient for them.

I decided to stick with this method for now. You need to get better at it yourself and teach family members to take into account their expenses and income every day. In a couple of months I will move on to the next method - special programs and mobile applications.

Special programs and applications for family accounting

While collecting material for writing this article, I became so fascinated by the topic that I immediately started keeping a budget in a special program on my computer and in a mobile application. And here a surprise awaited me. There were not many of them, but a lot. Which one to choose? This process is currently at the testing stage, but I have already identified some main principles:

1. It should be a program adapted for both computer and telephone. In this case, you can do accounting anywhere.
2. Synchronization between computer and mobile versions.
3. Free or shareware. If you don’t need many of the features offered by developers, then there is no point in overpaying.
4. Clear interface.

But I will tell you about the most popular programs. In my opinion, it is important to be able to use the same program on both a smartphone and a computer (or tablet). This increases mobility - you can fill out tables, plan and view reports at home, in the car or on vacation.

Let's see what the developers offer us:

1. Alzex Finance (formerly called Personal Finances).

Peculiarities:

• income and expenses are divided into categories;
• multi-currency (all currencies of the world) + precious metals;
• generation of reports;
• the program is easy to learn for beginners;
• free and paid versions.

2. Drebe Dengi.

Peculiarities:

• There is a demo version to familiarize yourself with the program;
• the ability to conduct offline and synchronize with applications for iPhone, Android, Windows OS;
• the ability to manage the family budget by several family members;
• export data to Excel;
• formation of plan/actual expenses;
• generation of reports;
• processing SMS from banks, taking photos of receipts and saving them to the phone;
• free and paid versions.

3. Zen mani.

Peculiarities:

• there is a demo version and presentation for beginners;
• synchronization between a computer running Windows OS and the mobile version (Android and iOS);
• planning of income and expenses;
• the ability to manage the family budget by several family members;
• recognition of SMS from the bank;
• generation of reports in the form of tables and graphs;
• free and paid versions.

4. EasyFinance.

Peculiarities:

• synchronization between a Windows computer and Android and iOS phones;
• recording income and expenses, grouping by categories and subcategories;
• creating templates for the most common operations;
• overspending alarm;
• planning income and expenses using forecasts and a planning wizard;
• the ability to manage the family budget by several family members;
• loading bank card transactions;
• drawing charts for financial analysis;
• free and paid versions.

5. Online service Home Budget.

Peculiarities:

• works both on a home computer and on a mobile computer;
• maintaining records in any currency of the world;
• breakdown of expenses by category and subcategory;
• planning, recording and analysis of income and expenses in the form of charts and reports;
• Availability of a scheduler with a reminder function.

1. You don’t need to create analytical tables, enter formulas, or build graphs yourself. The developers have already taken care of this.
2. From a variety of programs, you can choose the one that suits you in all respects.
3. You can choose a free option.

1. In many popular programs, some functions are available for an additional fee.
2. Internet access may be required.
3. If your phone is lost or your computer breaks down, all data may be lost.

Conclusion

The topic raised in this article is very important and interesting. I discovered a lot of new things for myself. I am sure that an enterprise without competent planning, organization, management and control will not be able to function effectively. At the beginning of the article, we found out that a family is a small enterprise. Therefore, the same principles apply to it as to any other enterprise.

You don't have to be an economist or financier to learn how to manage a family budget. This is quite an exciting activity that also has practical benefits. We improve financial literacy, learn to save and save. Agree that a few minutes every day are worth putting things in order in your wallet and head once and for all.

I also invite you, and you will regularly receive original, useful articles in which we will discuss issues that concern each of us.

Family budget - This is a plan for regulating family income and expenses, usually drawn up for one month.

There are two types of family budget: joint and separate.

A joint family budget is when all the income of family members is put into one wallet and spent on the needs of the family.

Separate means everyone has their own wallet (bank account), everyone manages money at their own discretion, common expenses (food, accommodation, children) are divided either equally or in proportion to the level of earnings of family members.

The family budget is based on three important components: accounting, control and planning.

Accounting involves counting income and expenses, daily entering data on the amounts spent into a specialized computer program.

Control necessary to avoid unplanned expenses and to understand the financial situation of the family at the moment.

Planning helps to correctly distribute available funds and expected income across all categories - food, accommodation, training, clothing, transportation.

Sources of family income

Family income – This is money that a family receives from other individuals or organizations.

Sources of family income- this is what or where the family receives money from.

Sources of family income

2. Entrepreneurial activity

3. Ownership of natural resources

4. Ownership of property

5. Available funds

6. Government and other payments

Benefits for children, unemployment and disability, pensions, scholarships, etc.

Main expense items

The first item in your budget is Savings(or formation of family capital).

The second item of the family budget is Nutrition

Transport - remember that transport costs cost not only your money, but also your time.

It is difficult to recommend anything for this item of family budget expenditure. Only the person himself knows how much and in what quantities he needs fitness center memberships, trips to a restaurant, movie tickets, and so on.

Expenses for children

When boxes with toys are bursting with excess, this is not yet an indicator that the child is satisfied and happy. Time with his parents is much more important to him. And excess toys can be donated to family charity.

Expenses for utilities, household needs, communications, etc. are more or less constant values. Therefore, they need to be taken into account, but there is no need for their detail and constant monitoring.

Personal disposable income

Disposable personal income is the total income available for direct use by households (RLD).

Disposable personal income is based on national income:

RLD = ND - corporate profits + dividends on shares of individuals - taxes (direct) + transfer payments (social payments).

Corporate profits, while part of national income, disintegrate into three parts:

1.taxes on corporate profits that go to state income - therefore, this part of corporate profits cannot be included in the RLD;

2. undistributed profit - part of the profit of corporations that remains at their disposal and is intended for expanding production, that is, for increasing investment;

the remaining profit can be paid to shareholders in the form of dividends. Shares can be owned by individuals (households) and firms. Disposable personal income includes dividends received only by private individuals.

If we do not take into account the existence of the state, and also neglect the fact that corporations pay only part of their profits to households in the form of dividends, then between There is no difference between national income and disposable personal income.

Nominal income is the amount of money received by individuals during a certain period; it also characterizes the level of monetary income, regardless of taxation.

Disposable income is income that can be used for personal consumption and personal savings. Disposable income is less than nominal income by the amount of taxes and mandatory payments, i.e. These are funds used for consumption and savings.

Real income - represents the amount of goods and services that can be purchased with disposable income during a certain period, i.e. adjusted for changes in price levels.

Income is the ultimate goal of the actions of every active participant in a market economy, an objective and powerful incentive for his daily activities.

Income is a monetary assessment of the results of the activities of an individual (or legal entity) as a subject of a market economy. In economic theory, “income” means a sum of money that regularly and legally comes to the direct disposal of a market entity.

Savings are the part of income not used for current consumption.

Savings of the population occupy a special place among economic phenomena, since they are at the intersection of the interests of citizens, the state and organizations specializing in the provision of financial services. On the one hand, savings are the most important indicator of living standards, directly related to consumption, income and expenses of the population. On the other hand, population savings represent a valuable resource for economic development, a source of investment and lending to the economy. Personal savings of citizens are the subject of the activities of a number of financial and non-financial organizations that perform intermediary functions in the movement of capital.

The population makes savings: create a reserve in case of unforeseen expenses; for the purchase of expensive goods; income in the form of interest; provide a sense of independence (stinginess); carry out commercial transactions.

The main components of financial assets of the population are:

— deposits in banks in rubles and foreign currency, including on plastic cards;

— cash in the hands of the population;

Public investments in securities; · reserves of funds of the population in cash currency;

— reserve of insurance premiums of the population.

Insurance- a special type of economic relations designed to provide insurance protection for people (or organizations) and their interests from various types of dangers.

Insurance (insurance business) in a broad sense - includes various types of insurance activities (insurance itself, or primary insurance, reinsurance, co-insurance), which together provide insurance protection.

Insurance in the narrow sense is a relationship (between the policyholder and the insurer) to protect the property interests of individuals and legal entities (policyholders) upon the occurrence of certain events (insured events) at the expense of monetary funds (insurance funds) formed from the insurance premiums they pay (insurance premium ).

The relationship between the insurer and the policyholder, which determines exactly how the insurance fund will be formed and how it will be spent, represents the method of creating insurance products. In the process of historical development, three methods of creating insurance products were developed - self-insurance, mutual insurance, commercial insurance.

IN personal insurance The object of insurance is property interests related to the life, health, ability to work and pension provision of the policyholder or the insured person. Personal insurance includes:

Accident and illness insurance.

IN property insurance The object of insurance is property interests associated with the ownership, use and disposal of property. Property insurance includes:

Business risk insurance;

Financial risk insurance.

Property insurance includes:

Property insurance of enterprises and organizations;

Insurance of property of citizens;

Transport insurance (vehicles and cargo);

Insurance of other types of property, except those listed above.

The division of insurance into industries is based on fundamental differences in the objects of insurance. The division of insurance into industries does not allow us to identify those specific insurance interests of individuals and legal entities that make it possible to carry out insurance. To specify these interests, insurance industries are divided into industries and types of insurance.

A type of insurance is the insurance of specific homogeneous objects in a certain amount of insurance liability at appropriate tariff rates. Insurance relations between the insurer and the policyholder are carried out by type of insurance. Here are just examples of some of the most common types of insurance.

Table of expenses and income of the family budget in Excel

Why control the family budget?

The problem of lack of money is relevant for most modern families. Many people literally dream of getting out of debt and starting a new financial life. In times of crisis, the burden of low wages, loans and debts affects almost all families without exception. This is why people strive to control their expenses. The point of saving expenses is not that people are greedy, but to gain financial stability and look at your budget soberly and impartially.

The benefit of controlling financial flow is obvious - it is cost reduction. The more you save, the more confidence you have in the future. The money you save can be used to create a financial cushion that will allow you to feel comfortable for a while, for example, if you are unemployed.

The main enemy on the path of financial control is laziness. People first get excited about the idea of ​​controlling the family budget, but then quickly cool down and lose interest in their finances. To avoid this effect, you need to acquire a new habit - constantly control your expenses. The most difficult period is the first month. Then control becomes a habit, and you continue to act automatically. In addition, you will see the fruits of your “labor” immediately - your expenses will be amazingly reduced. You will personally see that some expenses were unnecessary and can be abandoned without harm to the family.

Poll: Is an Excel spreadsheet enough to control the family budget?

Accounting for family expenses and income in an Excel spreadsheet

If you are new to creating a family budget, then before using powerful and paid tools for home accounting, try maintaining your family budget in a simple Excel spreadsheet. The benefits of such a solution are obvious - you do not spend money on programs, and try your hand at controlling finances. On the other hand, if you bought the program, then this will stimulate you - since you spent money, then you need to keep records.

It is better to start drawing up a family budget in a simple table in which everything is clear to you. Over time, you can complicate and supplement it.

The main principle of creating a financial plan is to break down your expenses and income into different categories and keep records for each of these categories. As experience shows, you need to start with a small number of categories (10-15 will be enough). Here is a sample list of expense categories for drawing up a family budget:

• Automobile
• Household needs
• Bad habits
• Hygiene and health
• Rent
• Credit/debts
• Clothing and cosmetics
• Travel (transport, taxi)
• Food
• Entertainment and gifts
• Communication (telephone, internet)

Let's look at the expenses and income of the family budget using this table as an example.

Here we see three sections: income, expenses and report. In the expenses section we have introduced the above categories. Next to each category there is a cell containing the total expense for the month (the sum of all days on the right). In the “days of the month” area, daily expenses are entered. In fact, this is a complete report for the month on the expenses of your family budget. This table provides the following information: expenses for each day, for each week, for the month, as well as the total expenses for each category.

As for the formulas used in this table, they are very simple. For example, the total consumption for the “car” category is calculated using the formula =SUM(F14:AJ14). That is, this is the amount for all days on line number 14. The amount of expenses per day is calculated as follows: =SUM(F14:F25)– all numbers in column F from the 14th to the 25th line are summed up.

The “income” section is structured in a similar way. This table has categories of budget income and the amount that corresponds to it. In the “total” cell the sum of all categories ( =SUM(E5:E8)) in column E from the 5th to the 8th line. The “report” section is even simpler. The information from cells E9 and F28 is duplicated here. Balance (income minus expenses) is the difference between these cells.

Now let's make our expense table more complex. Let's introduce new columns “expense plan” and “deviation” (download the table of expenses and income). This is necessary for more accurate family budget planning. For example, you know that car costs are usually 5,000 rubles/month, and rent is 3,000 rubles/month. If we know the expenses in advance, then we can create a budget for a month or even a year.

Thus, the “expense plan” and “deviation” columns are needed for long-term budget planning. If the value in the deviation column is negative (highlighted in red), then you have deviated from the plan. The deviation is calculated using the formula =F14-E14(that is, the difference between the plan and actual expenses for the category).

Using our data from the expense table, we will build a cost report in the form of a chart.

We construct a report on family budget income in the same way.

The benefits of these reports are obvious. Firstly, we get a visual representation of the budget, and secondly, we can track the share of each category as a percentage. In our case, the most expensive items are “clothing and cosmetics” (19%), “food” (15%) and “credit” (15%).

Excel has ready-made templates that allow you to create the necessary tables in two clicks. If you go to the “File” menu and select “Create”, the program will offer you to create a finished project based on the existing templates. Our topic includes the following templates: “Typical Family Budget”, “Family Budget (Monthly)”, “Simple Expense Budget”, “Personal Budget”, “Semi-Monthly Home Budget”, “Monthly Student Budget”, “Personal Expenses Calculator” .

A selection of free Excel templates for budgeting

You can download ready-made Excel tables for free using these links:

The first two tables are discussed in this article. The third table is described in detail in the article about home accounting. The fourth selection is an archive containing standard templates from the Excel spreadsheet.

Try downloading and working with each table. After reviewing all the templates, you will surely find a table that is suitable specifically for your family budget.

Excel Spreadsheets vs. Home Accounting Software: What to Choose?

Each method of doing home accounting has its own advantages and disadvantages. If you have never done home accounting and have poor computer skills, then it is better to start accounting for your finances using a regular notebook. Enter all expenses and income into it in any form, and at the end of the month take a calculator and combine debits and credits.

If your level of knowledge allows you to use an Excel spreadsheet processor or a similar program, then feel free to download home budget spreadsheet templates and start accounting electronically.

When the functionality of the tables no longer suits you, you can use specialized programs. Start with the simplest software for personal accounting, and only then, when you get real experience, you can purchase a full-fledged program for a PC or smartphone. More detailed information about financial accounting programs can be found in the following articles:

The advantages of using Excel tables are obvious. This is a simple, straightforward and free solution. There is also the opportunity to gain additional skills in working with a table processor. The disadvantages include low performance, poor visibility, and limited functionality.

Specialized programs for managing a family budget have only one drawback - almost all normal software is paid. There is only one relevant question here - which program is the highest quality and cheapest? The advantages of the programs are: high performance, visual presentation of data, many reports, technical support from the developer, free updates.

If you want to try your hand at planning a family budget, but are not ready to pay money, then download free spreadsheet templates and get started. If you already have experience in home accounting and want to use more advanced tools, we recommend installing a simple and inexpensive program called Housekeeper. Let's look at the basics of personal accounting using the Housekeeper.

Maintaining home accounting in the "Housekeeper" program

A detailed description of the program can be found on this page. The functionality of the "Housekeeper" is simple: there are two main sections: income and expenses.

The “Income” section is arranged in a similar way. User accounts are configured in the “Users” section. You can add any number of accounts in different currencies. For example, one account can be in rubles, the second in dollars, the third in Euros, etc. The principle of operation of the program is simple - when you add an expense transaction, the money is debited from the selected account, and when it is an income transaction, the money, on the contrary, is credited to the account.

To build a report, you need to select the report type in the “Reports” section, specify the time interval (if necessary) and click the “Build” button.

As you can see, everything is simple! The program will independently generate reports and show you the most expensive expense items. Using reports and an expense table, you can manage your family budget more effectively.

2.4 MB) Windows XP/7/8/10

Video on family budgeting in Excel

There are many videos on the Internet dedicated to family budget issues. The main thing is that you not only watch, read and listen, but also apply the acquired knowledge in practice. By controlling your budget, you reduce unnecessary expenses and increase savings.

Correct family budget

Introduction

Did you know that lack of money today leads to poverty in the future? An increasing number of people are complaining about high prices and tariffs, low wages, and some are completely perplexed about where their finances are going. At the same time, few people can plan their correct family budget without wasting money. And there are few people who competently manage the family budget. Most people don't even know why they need to do this. Why do you need to keep financial records? First of all, for the purpose of keeping my head in order.

There is a belief that there is enough money only when there is a large amount of it in the family. But that's not true. The greater your wealth, the higher your expenses. Rich is not the one who earns a lot, but the one who spends less.

Money will be found only if both income and expenses are clearly planned. After all, every person has many holes through which money disappears. To receive a salary, you need to work for a whole month, but you can spend it in just a few short days or even hours. But if you analyze your spending for at least one month, it turns out that the money is spent ineffectively. In the article Saving a home budget while on maternity leave. Personal experience, I demonstrated from my own experience that you can save money on any budget, it’s enough to know where the family’s money is spent, and then optimize spending.

Correct family budget

What is the correct family budget and what should you spend on first? First you need to determine what it is for, and then work on yourself a little. I wrote how to do this in the article Why is it so important to keep records of personal finances, my review. For several months, try to record your expenses and income daily. If you take this seriously, the result will not be long in coming. Accounting can be done in a regular notebook, in an Excel spreadsheet (you can get an Excel spreadsheet for a month completely free through the subscription form on the sidebar of this blog), or in a special program that can be downloaded in the article Family Budget Program. Download for free. Below are the main items of income and expenses for a proper family budget.

Family budget expense items:

Family budget income items:

If you take budgeting seriously, it will help you put your finances in order and make your family budget correct.

So, you have detailed all the expected expenses. In this case, it is necessary to take into account all the holidays of the month: be it March 8, the birthday of a family member or friend, Easter, and so on. We estimate in advance the amount of money that should be spent on this event. Calculate all your expected expenses for the month, then plan your expected income. If the amounts differ not in favor of income, adjustments must be made. Now you need to do this monthly layout for the whole year; to do this, it is enough to copy the monthly budget form I propose the required number of times.

There is an opinion that planning a proper family budget means limiting yourself in everything, that it is torture, because you have to deny yourself a lot. So this is complete nonsense. Accounting for finances, first of all, of course, helps to put money in order. Today, a clear distribution of money in the family is as necessary as washing your face in the morning or brushing your teeth. This will quickly become a habit. Managing a family budget is a very interesting business. You can quickly get the result of your work; an example of this is our financial report on accounting for the family budget after 1.5 years.

As I already mentioned, you can take into account your finances in different ways. To do this, you will need a typical notebook or computer program, for example, the home accounting program Housekeeper. If you had to start a notebook, you need to divide the sheet into three columns: income, expenses and total. The first two will reflect processes with money, and the third is needed to compare the numbers on paper with the number of bills in your pocket. They should be the same.

Daily accounting of personal finances will not take very much time. The main thing that is necessary in the initial periods is to take into account all your cash receipts and expenses, constantly writing them down in a notebook or entering them into a computer.

Data for accounting for the family budget is best collected over a period of two to three months. The information obtained over a short period will not be able to provide the necessary understanding of the jointly received income and expenses. It follows from this that it is important to teach yourself to conduct such analysis for a long time. If it doesn't work out, you can start again at any time. The hardest part will be keeping track of expenses. Money spent on significant purchases is easy to remember, but small expenses are quickly forgotten. Therefore, it is necessary to record all financial sources, using all available material for this. This could be a check, a notebook, a telephone. No need to be lazy. Very quickly, controlling your family budget can help improve your life. Soon your goals and desires will begin to come true.

We started keeping a budget, what to do next?

Information on expenses and income for several months has accumulated; it’s time to proceed to the next stage - optimizing expenses and savings, creating a safety net, drawing up a personal financial plan (an example can be downloaded from the link) and investments. More on this in the following materials.

The proposed method of accounting for the family budget has a number of advantages:

• Examination. It is clear to see where the money was spent. Questions about salary turnover cease to arise.
• Understood choice. After just a couple of months, you can really see how much the costs are. There is a desire for adjustments. In this way, unnecessary costs are eliminated and debts disappear. It is possible to calculate everything in advance.
• Planning purchases becomes much easier. If you want to buy something significant or go on a trip, it will be possible to do this, because the budget is constantly under control.
• Very convenient when leaving work. It’s easier to determine how much more time it will take to start looking for a job.
• Disciplines. Both in terms of expenses and in terms of life.

Good luck to you and the right family budget!

The article was written based on materials from the sites: rub21.ru, maman-lima.com.

Lecture No. 8

Topic: “Family budget.”

1. The concept of a family budget.

2. Sources of family income.

3. Main items of expenditure.

The concept of a family budget.

End of form

Budget(from English - budget) - literally translated money bag; list, estimate of family income and expenses for a certain period of time.

Depending on the subject, the budget can be divided into: personal; family; enterprises, firms and public organizations; state; municipal.

The main guarantee of a family’s material well-being is the issue of effective use of income. One of the most important ways is to draw up a family budget.

A budget is a financial plan that summarizes income and expenses for a certain period of time. When a budget shows that expenses exactly equal income, it is called balanced. If expected expenditures exceed expected revenues, then the budget is said to have a deficit. A budget in which revenues exceed expenses will have a surplus (excess or surplus).

Although there are as many ways to budget as there are families, there are usually three main phases to the process: setting financial goals, estimating income, and planning expenses.

Setting financial goals. Obviously, most of the expenses are used for everyday needs; the family needs to plan the largest purchases in advance. To buy a car, start a business, continue education, etc. you will need much more funds than the family's monthly income. Therefore, you will have to make savings in advance to achieve these goals in the near future.

Revenue Estimation- compiling a list of all sources of family income.

Expense planning. Finally, you will need to list all the things that the family will buy or need to pay for within a certain period of time. This will allow you to reconsider your needs and eliminate everything unnecessary that you can do without at this time.

Sources of family income.

Wage. The first most important and most common type of income is wages, as well as other payments (for example, bonuses) for work performed. Over the years of economic reforms, the share of wages of hired workers in the income of the population decreased to 39%, whereas previously wages amounted to approximately 75% of the total income of citizens. The decline in the share of wages in income was mainly due to the rapid development of such forms of economic activity as entrepreneurship and self-employment.

Social transfers- this is money paid by the state to support the lives of those citizens who are not able to fully provide for themselves, or to stimulate certain types of activities. Transfers include pensions, scholarships, benefits for large families, and unemployment benefits. Their payments are necessary to provide assistance to socially vulnerable parts of the population: the sick, the elderly, the unemployed, and the disabled. Currently, such payments account for more than 16% of the income of the average Russian citizen.

Property income include income from rental properties, interest received on bank deposits or securities, and dividends on securities held by families.

Business profit is the cash remaining with the firm after all obligations have been paid.

Windfall income. Sometimes you come across unexpected income that literally fell from the sky: lottery winnings, gifts, inheritance from a long-forgotten uncle from Canada, etc. The quality of life reflects people’s satisfaction with the material and spiritual benefits they have (comfort, life expectancy, security). The quality of life is assessed by the following criteria: high, average, satisfactory, low.

Main expense items.

Standard of living characterizes a quantitative measure of people's well-being. When assessing the standard of living, indicators of annual consumption of food, clothing, shoes, per person, per family are used. There are food consumption standards: bread and potatoes - 80 kg, vegetables - 150 kg, fruits - 70-80 kg, meat - 60-70 kg per year per person. Economists have calculated that a person is normally provided with clothes and shoes if he has 3 suits and 3 pairs of shoes, updating suits once every 2 years, and shoes annually.

Living wage– the cost of the consumer basket (the minimum required set of goods and services). A family whose average per capita income is below the subsistence level is considered low-income and has the right to receive state and social assistance.

Poverty- a standard of living of people at which their income does not allow them to cover the costs of meeting even the most basic needs. In each country, based on the price level and the minimum required set of goods and services (“consumer basket”), the so-called subsistence level is calculated. People whose consumption is below the minimum subsistence level are said to live below the poverty line. The causes of poverty can be different: from wars and natural disasters, to laziness and drunkenness.

A family whose average per capita income is below the subsistence level is considered low-income and has the right to receive state and social assistance.

Circumstances have changed significantly over a hundred years, and human needs have also changed. At the beginning of the 20th century, needs were mainly satisfied at the physiological level, and very little at the spiritual and social level. Currently, the needs of the first, second and third levels are practically satisfied, and the needs of the higher levels are being saturated - gaining recognition, respect and self-realization. In accordance with this, the expense items of a modern family have also changed. More money is spent on purchasing household appliances, education, recreation, fashionable clothes, quality food, etc.

According to Engel's law– when income increases, consumption shifts towards more expensive goods, and when income decreases, consumption shifts towards essential goods.

One way to establish the degree of inequality is to compare the incomes of the richest 10% and the poorest 10%, it should be equal to 10.